Seems doubtful but I'll accept it. What did you gather from it?
I quote: " The universe at t = 0 is nothing other than the particles’ temporal parts a and b and c. Each of these time-slices of the particles is caused to begin to exist by something internal to the universe, namely, by one of the time-slices or states of one of the other three particles. If the universe at t = 0 is a, b and c, and a, b and c are each caused to begin to exist by something internal to the universe, it follows that the universe is caused to begin to exist, but not by anything external to the universe."
The claim here is that at the very beginning (t=0) something already exists. In other words some material thing existed before anything existed. Patently impossible.
The issue is 'nothing' and your understanding of it.
The issue is not my understanding of it, it is your understanding of it. Understanding "nothing" does not require advanced degrees or special knowledge. It means what it says: nothing = nothing. I have read that science claims to have identified several types of nothing. What nonsense.
And right here might be a good place to mention that there has been a fair amount of effort expended to not answer my original question, but instead to run all over the place with misdirection, equivocation, and sophomoric logic (not from you).
Might I ask what you think the universe is expanding into?
I believe I said that I am not concerned with where the universe is going, only where it came from. Let's stick to beginnings for now. Endings can come later.