A bit overdue, but still ....
GeoffP said:
Certainly, in some places. Every human culture holds some other in contempt; or individuals thereof do. Are we so specially evil? Of course not.
I'm not sure I'm reading you correctly on this one, because my first reaction is, "Don't change the subject."
So let's see how far apart we are on this: Where,
in the United States, would a white person have been treated the same? And, just to make sure, we can suppose this white person isn't visibly displaying any suggestion of being a Muslim.
However, I wouldn't simply brush that aside, either:
Western civilization certainly hasn't regarded islam as part of the human experience...but can you really blame it? The West has been undergoing assault after assault by the East for the past 1400 years. Assyria, Mesopotamia, Egypt, North Africa, Spain, Asia Minor, the Balkans, Austria, and then France. Is the Song of Roland really any wonder to anyone? Why would it be? Moreover, why should it be? Given the historical perspective of islamic culture to my own - for I am no more an element of some supposed monolithic entity than they - why is Westernism expected to do better, really? Islamic civilization certainly hasn't - and doesn't - regard my culture (and politics) as anything more than a subversive ideology that requires flattening, prostration and forcible tribute for its "protection". Islamic doctrine doesn't regard me as having any place in the human experience, except as an object lesson in domestic subjugation, pillage and explotation. "Let them feel themselves oppressed", as the man said. I agree that we're not hostage to our heritage, but what wholesale concessions are we meant to offer when similar concessions from the "other society" are so unlikely? Since we're comparing groups, you understand.
To start with the last part first, the problem is in one context doctrinal. One side—Muslims—are operating from a difficult position. It is not that they have no specific reason to fight with Jews and Christians in the West, but rather that they
have a very specific doctrinal reason for actually getting along with their Abramic neighbors. And Karen Armstrong notes that some modern Islamic academics believe that, had Mohammed known of, say, Buddhists, he would have considered them as a People of the Book. So it's not that Muslims have no reason to not get along with their neighbors; still, what's the problem? And here we delve into a matter of definitions. If I may, we'll come back to that in a moment.
As to blaming Western civilization, there is at least the question of when we became capable of recognizing the problem, and what, if anything, we've done about it. Beyond that, though, like I said. The British and French and Germans can all get along. They have a common cultural bond that transcends national borders and languages. The Islamic world is not included in that because it does not have a predominantly Christian heritage. Doctrinally, the dehumanization of Muslims is inconsistent with the
Sermon on the Mount, one of the basic landmarks of Christian faith°.
It would seem that the West is, at least, capable of recognizing the problem
now. In this sense, the question of whether
Song of Roland surprises anyone in and of itself only illustrates the point. It is hard to argue that the idea of a religiously-motivated political establishment expanding its territory and influence through various means, including military, was particularly unique during the period it describes or the period in which the story was formalized.
Why would
Roland be surprising? It's
not. That's not the point, as I see it.
Roland is just a periodic example of part of the underlying problem. From the West, we tend to view things according to a Straussian, or Christian, or even Zoroastrian mythology, in which there is necessarily good and evil, and something is judged to be one or the other.
Precisely. But which group is it that does so? One group has in practice regarded the other with some distain and even hatred; the other has a scriptural obligation to do all of the above, oppression not really withstanding as its definition is left up to the mind of the beholder. I disagree strongly thereby with your implication that it's mostly the one causing the problem. In which islamic state, for instance, has anyone the right to leave islam without penalty? Which society is it then that holds the other in greater distaste?
Quite clearly, many Muslims regard Christianity and Judaism with disdain and even hatred. The doctrinal obligations of Christianity are fairly clear in the Gospel of Matthew, at least.
The culpability of Christian or Western culture comes in its betrayal of doctrine and its status and influence. Returning to your somewhat strange characterization of how Islamic culture regards you or your culture, even granting that outlook as true, we cannot pretend that such a condition has developed in isolation. Perhaps if we strike from consideration any notion of psychology, either individual or communal, we might look at the Taliban, or the Saud, and say, "What horrible people!" But as the Western world has transformed itself into a comparatively humanitarian phase, not only have we excluded the Islamic word from that, but we have achieved much of our progress through the exploitation of other cultures, many of them Islamic. Our necessity interrupts their progress; we cannot, the, pretend that they exist in a vacuum in order to condemn their savage backwardness or failure to move beyond public stonings and such.
There is no question that the Islamic world, and humanity in general, would profit greatly if these cultures were to join us in the hope and prosperity of the twenty-first century. Or the twentieth century, when we were in it. But our luxury depended in no small part on their deprivation. We cannot, in assessing the state of Islamic cultures, ignore the reasons explaining how they ended up where they are.
I quite agree that it's not an equal rejection of the other, but not in the direction you suggest.
It
is easier to blame "them" instead of "us", I admit. But I live in a nation in which no president has been anything but Christian. And Christian morality is frequently on state ballots, and frequently successful. Many would claim ours a Christian nation, and yet the strongest manifestation of that is opposition to abortion or homosexuality. Actually conducting ourselves according to Christian standards is either too expensive or too bothersome.
Further, who defines this "oppression and exploitation"?
Generally speaking, the oppressed. For instance, in the modern day, why are there fuel shortages in Nigeria?
In practice, it seems to have been defined right up to Roncevalles and the "oppression" of islam in Spain and France both, neither of which were islamic nations in any way, not to mention all the rest. Surely you can't take this absurd legalistic preconception of fighting "oppression" seriously? In fact, it seems to have been primarily the other way around most of the time; all our talk, frankly, of a 'Western' notion is just that - a notion. The West was the East as well, once upon a time, but is no more. Who, then, is being oppressed here, and who the oppressor?
A fascinating notion, I confess. At least, the part I can make sense of.
Well, if we want to discuss the beliefs of a body of believers vis-a-vis some sense of security in their political and social goals, I submit turn the other cheek a far more hopeful premise than slay the unbelievers wherever you find them, and all this hopeful talk of ahl al-kitab be damned.
I find it interesting that so many would let the apostates define the doctrine. Of course, it is common in American culture to do the same thing with Christianity, so it's hard to criticize.
I quite agree that it's not an equal rejection of the other, but not in the direction you suggest. Further, who defines this "oppression and exploitation"? In practice, it seems to have been defined right up to Roncevalles and the "oppression" of islam in Spain and France both, neither of which were islamic nations in any way, not to mention all the rest.
This is where you've lost me, and thus where I keep dropping the response.
Surely you can't take this absurd legalistic preconception of fighting "oppression" seriously?
It is a question that has wracked Islamic communities for centuries, at least since the end of the Rashidun.
In fact, it seems to have been primarily the other way around most of the time; all our talk, frankly, of a 'Western' notion is just that - a notion. The West was the East as well, once upon a time, but is no more. Who, then, is being oppressed here, and who the oppressor?
This is another of your mysterious statements of a context that escapes me. If, for instance, I simply focus on the final interrogative, I would snort and wonder if you're really saying what it looks like. And then I would propose that the American revolutionaries were so oppressive of the British Crown, or the Muslim world so oppressive of the West that they forced the United States, Britain, and Russia to divvy up the nations among themselves to exploit after World War II.
Well, if we want to discuss the beliefs of a body of believers vis-a-vis some sense of security in their political and social goals, I submit turn the other cheek a far more hopeful premise than slay the unbelievers wherever you find them, and all this hopeful talk of ahl al-kitab be damned.
I take it you're familiar with the contents of the Bible? Indeed, I would purport that you're probably more familiar with the Bible than you are the Qur'an. You do realize, do you not, that what makes the Bible less deadly in the hands of modern Christians than its contents would otherwise suggest is the fact of massive and hemorrhaging apostasy?
What causes this apostasy? Indeed, why is it that so many Christians are willing to turn to the Pauline evangelism or Old Testament when the words of Christ are somehow inconvenient? And, yet, rhetoric of Amalek still persists in the West; that is, there are still those who would call for divinely-inspired (and -justified) genocide. What prevents us is not some pure cultural devotion to
turn the other cheek. Indeed, it is a hopeful notion, but it's merely that: hope. Not even those who proclaim themselves Christian can follow this rule.
To quote
Roger Waters:
By the grace of God Almighty, and the pressures of the marketplace, the human race has civilized itself.
("It's a Miracle")
But it still doesn't mean my daughter's maternal grandfather is going to get rid of his guns. It doesn't mean he'll turn the other cheek when challenged. It doesn't mean he will put his family in its rightful place according to Jesus. And it doesn't mean that American Christians will render unto Caesar. It does not mean that they will show compassion to the least of Christ's brethren. It does not mean they will turn the other cheek. Indeed, not only did we Americans fail to turn the other cheek when 15 Saudis, two Emiratis, a Yemeni, and a Lebanese attacked the United States at the orders of a Saudi exile in Afghanistan. In fact, we so failed to turn the other cheek that we eventually invaded
Iraq, which was the wrong nation altogether. And among our Christians we have a movement known as
premillennial dispensationalism, and it is in their quest for salvation and the Kingdom of God that so much of the American Christian voice has become devoted to funding, endorsing, and—as in our nation's diplomatic efforts—
enforcing the Israeli right to indiscriminately kill Muslims.
What is hopeful is hopeful. What is real is real. History itself is already subject to political whim, but writing pure fiction in order to justify the reality of mass murder isn't going to bring the horrific situation in the Palestine to a decent and humane resolution. Peace with dignity, or peace through genocide? That the question should be remotely viable in the West suggests the failure of the hopeful Christian principle you've noted.
Only in the last half-millenium, perhaps; and not even all of that. When the islamic world enjoyed a greater position of power, it was used without hesitation. I'm not arguing that we ought to do so ourselves, but why should we beat ourselves up about it? Are we particularly different somehow in this respect? We don't seem to be, except that we have notions of wider domestic human rights, and which are enforced.
Extending that half-millennium by a couple centuries to reflect a more accurate generalization of the time-frame doesn't help much. Still, the next two sentences of your paragraph are interesting:
"When the islamic world enjoyed a greater position of power, it was used without hesitation. I'm not arguing that we ought to do so ourselves, but why should we beat ourselves up about it?"
When the Islamic world enjoyed a greater position of power, it was competing with the Christian world according to the generally-accepted rules and customs of the era. We ought not do the same ourselves? I would hope so. We've spent the last few centuries sublimating and redefining those customs. It would be a shame to think what progress we've made should be for naught. To the other, though, neither should we forget that our progress has come over millions, perhaps billions, of bodies.
Our notions of wider domestic human rights, though, in addition to being barely enforced at best, are the logical result of what were originally selectively-assigned rights and virtues to which only certain people were entitled. And, in the end, it is our
luxury, not any purity of conscience, that moves us to grant, extend, or recognize these rights and virtues. Now that we have reached a juncture in which we are willing to emphatically withdraw those rights and virtues in defense of our luxury, we might wonder just how much we can accomplish by organizing our society according to priorities defined by psychological conflict.
____________________
Notes:
° basic landmarks of Christian faith — In the United States, Christian churches routinely endorse what this famous episode of the Gospels defines as adultery. There are several parts of this episode that are regularly swept aside; sometimes, it seems as if they are completely forgotten. I mention this because, like the dehumanization of Muslims, these omissions are inconsistent with the faith. The thing is that nobody should pretend being a Christian is easy.
Bart: Do you wear boxers or briefs?
Homer: [
checking] Nope.
Bart: What religion are you?
Homer: You know, the one with all the well-meaning rules that don't work out in real life. Uh ... Christianity.
Works Cited:
Armstrong, Karen. Islam: A Short History. New York: Modern Library Chronicles, 2000.
Bible: Revised Standard Version. http://quod.lib.umich.edu/r/rsv/
Waters, Roger. "It's A Miracle". Amused to Death. 1992.
"[3F21] Homerpalooza". Springfield Nuclear Power Plant. Accessed January 3, 2008. http://www.snpp.com/episodes/3F21.html