Media Myth : "5 Arab armies tried to wipe out Israel upon its creation in 1948"
Media myths: "5 Arab armies tried to wipe out Israel upon its creation in 1948"
by
The Arab Media Watch
News organisations frequently make a simple factual error regarding the conduct of the 1948 war - that the day after the state of Israel was declared, 5 Arab armies - from Jordan, Egypt, Lebanon, Syria and Iraq - immediately invaded Israel with the aim of wiping it out.
This is inaccurate. The Lebanese army and the Arab Legion (that is, the Transjordanian army) never entered or invaded Israel, if "Israel" is to be understood as the region allocated for the Jewish state in the 1947 UN Partition Plan.
The Lebanese army remained in the Upper Galilee (granted to the Arab entity in the Partition Plan).
The Arab Legion did not move out of the area that became the West Bank, in accordance with an agreement made between King Abdullah and the Jewish Agency in November 1947 to partition Palestine between them (and most convincingly elaborated in Israeli historian Avi Shlaim's writings).
The armies of Iraq and Syria made small incursions into the Lower Galilee, up to Belvoir and Denganya respectively.
Egypt pushed north up to Isdud and across to the Arab-allocated district at Hebron. These were the only armies to enter ("invade") the area allocated to Israel.
Furthermore, the aim of the Arab armies was not to wipe out Israel but to stop its aggression against the Palestinians. Jewish forces had already commenced military operations in Palestine before the end of the British mandate, committing massacres such as that at the undefended village of Deir Yassin.
Hence, by the time the Arab states intervened (after the departure of British troops from Palestine on May 15, 1948), Jewish forces had occupied not only most of the area allotted to the Jewish state by the UN partition resolution, but also most of the area allotted to the Arab state as well, including several Arab towns and hundreds of Arab villages. This resulted in over 250,000 Palestinians becoming refugees.
The absence of a resolve on the part of the Arab states to launch a war against the Jews in Palestine is confirmed by John Bagot Glubb, British commander of the Arab Legion of Transjordan. He declared that on the day before the fighting began in Palestine, Arab League Secretary-General Azzam Pasha admitted to him that they had never believed that the issue would come to fighting. "We believed that the solution would be political," he said.
Strictly speaking, therefore, the Arab states did not launch a war against Israel, but undertook an armed intervention which was both lawful and justified.
Azzam's statement was reflected in the Arab states' lack of preparedness, their lack of a central command, and the relatively small number of troops mobilised (a total of 20,000).
In contrast, the Jews had been drawing military plans to occupy Palestine since 1945, and as Israel proceeded with a total mobilisation, it was able to field around 90,000 fully trained men.
The disparity in troop strength disproves any suggestion that they launched an all-out offensive against Israel in 1948.
Furthermore, Israel violated several times a truce called by the UN Security Council which came into force on July 18, 1948. On October 15, Israel launched a general offensive against the Egyptians on the southern front and made substantial territorial gains, capturing Beersheba on October 21, Bait Hanoun on October 22 and Bait Jibrin soon afterwards.
The parties accepted a ceasefire with effect from October 22, but on October 31 Israel defied a warning by the UN Chief of Staff and launched an attack on the Lebanese front and occupied 15 villages situated within Lebanese territory.
Also, in November, Israel moved forward in the Negev in the direction of the Gulf of Aqaba.
On December 22, Israel launched another offensive in the south, occupied the area of Auja and made substantial penetration into the Sinai.
On March 10, 1949, in breach of its Armistice Agreement with Egypt, Israel again moved further south until it reached the Gulf of Aqaba and occupied the Palestine Police post of Umm Rashrash, which it afterwards named Eilat.
In addition to seizing Arab territories in breach of the Armistice Agreements, Israel gradually seized the demilitarised zones that were set up by those agreements between it and Egypt and Syria.
Such seizures were carried out by Israel after the dates of the Armistice Agreements, despite the fact that the territorial situation was frozen by the Tripartite Declaration issued by the UK, France and the US on May 25, 1950, which proclaimed that they would oppose any violations of frontiers or armistice lines between Israel and the Arab states.
Thus, although the UN allotted just over half of Palestine for a Jewish state, the war of 1948 resulted in Israel occupying 78% of Palestine and creating some 750,000 Palestinian refugees. Israel seized the remaining 22% in 1967.
Commander Hutchinson of the UN Armistice Staff observed: "It was a short war marked by outside intervention, Arab disunity and and unlimited aid to Israel from the West, in addition to timely and substantial shipments of arms from behind the Iron curtain... This aid, sent in against the orders of the United Nations, was sufficient to turn the tide and to grant Israel considerable land gains."
Conversely, the Arab states received no military assistance from anyone.
Thus, it can hardly be claimed that the war of 1948 was a defensive one for Israel against powerful Arab armies intent on its destruction.
Media myths: "5 Arab armies tried to wipe out Israel upon its creation in 1948"