In case you haven't noticed, but things (as in anything you care to mention, aside from the "religious")are indicated as testable and incontrovertible via names, rules, techniques, definitions & historyThat should read nothing known...my bad
I should have indicated religious philosophy, your area of expertise. Tell us what is known in religious philosophy. Not names, rules, techniques, definitions & history but something testable, incontrovertible.
hence philosophy that never makes the grade to application paints sad little portraits like your associateNot his job to know. Speculate and theorize my friend, that's all you can do.