Stretched my dear!!! I had so much fun reading your post, and I'm gonna hop on a few things. First, let me say I share your passion concerning the psychology of religion. Joseph Campbell is my hero in regards to what we can extract psychologically by studying theism. I read heavily concerning archetypes and find myself pondering the human condition and how religion plays into it.
a) What is humanities fascination with religion? What is the primal driver therefore?
I have toyed with this question a million and one times. And I arrived at a Freudian view: Religion is the coping mechanism of man. An irrational response to the very rational fear of death, and the psychological trauma of the huamn condition. Here we are, these fragile little finite beings who exist in a vast cosmos filled with omnipotent matter. Nature bestowed upon us the powerful and fundamental instinct for survival. Yet through evolution we were able to evolve the frontal lobes which give us the ability to make intellectual thought, to evoke deep emotion, to be creative, etc. And these things which are our beauty our or curse. Because through them we are able to comprehend our role of insignificance in the cosmos. We are able to comprehend that we are at the mercy of nature, and can not escape our condition. That we are finite in infinity, and as we realize these things we battle the nagging concept of death. And so humanity has been upon a quest not only to explain that which we do not understand, but to give ourselves purpose so that we may face the insignificance of life. We create deities so that through them, we can escape out condition and retain our consciouness in the infinite and eternal cosmos. We are creative, we strive to build grand temples as memoirs to our existence. We are driven by breeding and feel the need to impart ourselves in our traditions so that we can in some way gain immortality. Religion, to me, is expressly that: our exercise in transcending our condition. It reminds me of voltaire: "Humanity is the cosmic tradgedy" and I wonder if he had these same thoughts as I when he uttered those words. Freud is right, we are all neurotic because we have the minds of deities and are stuck in mortal bodies. And so too was the observation correct: "religion is mankind's devotion to itself". It is our attempt, our feeble little collective cry to nature and to ourselves. The primal driver MUST be our survival instinct, magnified through our intellect. This must be why out of all the species we are the ones which struggle with ego and death more than any other. The fact that the more intelligent a species, the more they mourn their deaths must be evidence of that I suspect.
My father, a phd in cultural foundations of education, a professor of sociology for 30 years; said something to me once, which REALLY rocked my boat. I'm going to give it to you because I want to hear your ponderings of it: "Charlotte, if religion is inherant because of our condition, then all those inquisitions, crusades, holy wars, and murders could be why atheists are so few in number, they have literally been draining our kind from the gene pool." This messed me up! I had to run right away and look up studies done on the atheistic brain versus the religious brain. Sure as shit, there is a neurological difference! Atheists tend to be left lobe dominant. When given a piece of literature, the atheist shows more activity in the left lobe which fundamentally controls logic, mathematics, reason, etc. The religionist has more right lobal activity which fundamentally controls deep emotion, sensing rythmic patterns, etc. These studies freaked me out. Because it seems religion might not just be a matter of indoctrination, it may be genetic. What do you think of this? I wonder if it will make you run and study as it did to me. I found myself taking lots of psych courses after that. In psych we studied how phobias can actually be genetic as well. IE: People in one geographical location may have a fear of heights, because those who had fear of heights were able to pass on their genes. And in another geographical location there may be a fear of spiders, snakes, etc. I found this all very fascinating, just how much nature is balanced with nurture. The classical debate of psychology.
b) How in the modern age of information can man choose superstition above obvious logic or common sense?
This I think is related to what I said above. If religion is a coping mechanism of man, then what do we have when we stop believing? Nothing.... There is no more security blanket, one is left to their own devices of how they shall cope with insignificance and death. Those of my fellow atheists who were previously religious must know that feeling. That utter fear, that realization that you are enterting into oblivion and no one can help you. Man, after I deconverted I had anxiety attacks for years. I would sit and think about death, how its coming for me and I can do nothing. It would leave me so depressed, feeling as if I should never have studied theology. But then it hit me: What did I gain from atheism? As a Christian I was so fearful of anything that contradicted my "truth". As a Christian I was judgmental, I was proselytizing, I par took in the ceasing of progression because I thought it was "God's will". I was highly apathetic. Witness any social injustice and you feel a moment of empathy, pray for a minute, and leave it to God. My only purpose as a Christian was to please god, and I had to constantly try to ignore that which pleased god was often unethical.
Atheism gave me integrity. A personal security blanket no longer was the goal, instead truth was the goal. (Christians are going to get pissed at that so let me expound: religion requires faith, and faith has no evidence, hence it can not be considered at this moment in time a truth. Atheism is the lack of belief. And though we can not say for certain there is no god, we can say that there is no compelling empirical reason to believe in a god, this is what atheism does and hence, that is a truth.) When truth becomes the object of desire, everything that you stood against before falls to pieces, and everything that you so easily shirked before is now glaring. I no longer was fearful to study that which contradicted my convictions. And in that very bizarre way, I was able to become that which God said in Genesis. I could embrace "ye shall be like gods, knowing good from evil." When I was a Christian many pieces of knowledge frightened me, but as an atheist science was no longer my enemy. History, medicine, anthropology, archeaology, these became my dear friends when I became an atheist. I finally stopped confusing what is fact from faith, what is truth from what is speculation. I no longer had to twist words to support my convictions, I no longer had a vested interest, I was free to follow that which made logic and reason.
As a Christian I judged. I was told God didn't like gays, so I didn't like gays. I was told abortion was wrong, so I didn't like abortion. I was a bigot, a homophobic and a sexist in God, and I thought it was right! But as an atheist I became free to really have "the sum of the law be love". As an atheist gays stop being evil fornicating soddomites. They became people who sought love out side of the societal norms. I seen them as loving, consentual, beings who were being persecuted due to 6,000 year old bigotry. I went from their persecuter to their fellow fighter. Is this worth losing the security blanket? As an atheist all of a sudden women who aborted weren't selfish murderers. They were confused, distraught, mothers in pain who had to face the decision of sacrificing their children because they didn't have the resources to raise them. All of a sudden I no longer found greatness in proselytizing to them, I found it in helping them to receive the aid they need, while assuring them choice was their right. I helped bring more children into this world and eased the misery of the needy as an atheist than I ever did as a Christian. And I did it by "giving alms" and "judging not". I took the greatness of Christianity with me, but I left the supression behind, I was more of a Christian in atheism, than ever as a believer. Is that not worth a security blanket?
When you see misery as a Christian it's too easy to be apathetic. A kid got raped? "Oh that's terrible! I will pray for her hoping that she comes to understand that it was God's will!" "Oh, we're waging war on the Libyans, but it's God's will!" How fucking sick and disgusting was that of me? And I did in Jesus' name! But as an atheist, "blessed art the peace makers" is my motto. I picket constantly against this war in Iraq. I stand with thirty atheists, two buddhists and three missionaries. We get flipped off by little grannies who have Christian fish bumper stickers on their car. We are right outside of a church and get MOONED by the people exiting! Yes, what "love" Christianity teaches people. And why is that? Why does the atheist embody what the morality of Jesus' teachings but not the Christian? And security blanket is EXACTLY the answer. Like I said in an earlier post, Christianity is majorally ego-centric. People are in it for the reward, and that's the the bottom line. They aren't compelled in any way to do anything greater because they chalk it up to God. Too few get the message, and those who do are condemned by their brethren. Why? Because the church, the apathy, the ignorance is pulling the fucking wool over everyone's eyes. It's sad, so god damn sad, that I came to be Christ like in leaving Christ.
I never ask Christians to take my path, to join atheism, but I DO shout from the hill tops they are hypocritical. And I'm right on that. If they aren't out there RIGHT NOW doing something to relieve the misery of the world, then they aren't striving very well to earn the title of Christian. Now, I'm not saying that every Christian is ego-centric, apathetic, ignorant, in love with reward and NOT God. But I am saying the majority of them are, as shown by their actions. I get battled about this, I don't know if it's because I am an atheist or they are defensive because they know they are failing in the message, or maybe because they honestly do think they don't have to do these things. In either event, they spend their energy debating with me rather than actually go out there and prove me wrong with their actions. And the people who do this don't even see I'm not challenging the validity of their beliefs, I'm challenging them to live the beliefs. I feel bad to say it, but the only Christian so far on here I have seen that hasn't made excuses for their scripture and admitts to the calling is Cole. And that's how most religions typically are, the greatest amount of followers being defensive and ego-centric. It saddens me. Cause if they aren't doing it for God, what will possibly amke them better human beings?
And how can mankind chose religion over reason? Because its easy, its convienant, it doesn't demand any veracity from them. It would strip them of their security blanket, and make them fend for themselves on the frontier of neurosis of the human condition. This is why people choose their religion, and then not follow the religion they choose. That's my opinion, if it's right, who knows? It's not like anyone can find any empirical evidence to support an opinion concerning your question, but we can look at sociological trends, and we see this in every division of religion. Its in Christianity, its in pureland Buddhism, etc.
c) What animates the dark and violent side of man and why?
Freud said the reptilian brain, right? I think that should be coupled with what I hinted towards above: we are creatures of convienance. We pick that which is easiest, because we know our time is so short. Violence is prevalent in the natural world. Its a part of our very nature. We are territorial, we are neurotic, we are constantly belittled by our insignificance. Violence gives us power, it is easy to committ and it satiates our primal nature. Religion is about transcendence, that is why it preaches non violence. Take a look at our great revolutionaries: Ghandi, Buddha, Jesus, Shiva, Tara, Dalai Lama, etc. All say in some words or another, to beat the sword into a plow share. All say to turn thine cheek, all challange to arise above this primal nature. Our lives are so short, and the mistakes we make now, echo through out eternity; so if we can rise above our nature we can give utopia to our future generations. We can create heaven, nirvana, peace by ceasing our violence. "Be candles onto the world of darkness". All of them preach it, the problem is living it. It's about recognizing what our nature is, and defeating our condition with our knowledge, THAT is what the gnostics preached. We can chose to respond with our reptilian brain, or we can use those human frontal lobes to face our nature and utilize what little power has been bestowed upon us. But as long as mankind chooses ignorance, it shall never happen.
People like you give me hope, Stretched. You ask these deep questions, and you aren't scared of the answers. You realize they are necessary to explore in order to create "heaven". You have a revolution in that blessed head of yours. You're a fellow non-believer who is very "Christ like". I smile from ear to ear when I read your posts.
I think what really turns me on about the Gnostic texts is the apparent resilience of human nature to try and understand their place in the cosmos, and the obvious intellect at play in the writings, especially texts like “The Thunder, Perfect Heart”.
Yes! It's so beautiful. That's what annoys me about so many religions. It's based on debasement, scraping, bowing, sin, demeaning of humanity. The resilience of our species, our longing, our love, our works, they are all looked over. We censor the God we KNOW is in us so we can look for a God which most likely does not exist, outside of us. We throw down the towers of babel and say it is good. Yet we do not see the beauty in the story: These people were pulling together to create that which they desired, to escape the nature of limited condition. They are cast down in their valiant efforts, and the Christian says this is good. How can loving the self and wanting to escape the limits of our condition be good? There is something wrong with this picture here! This is a very specific example of how religion hurts human progress. And anything which hurts our progress must be questioned. We owe it to our species. We owe it to ourselves to NOT be ashamed of our existence, but to come to accept it and make the most of it, because it is all we have. We can free ourselves from our neurosis, but it requires a collaboration, we are social creatures after all. Jesus gave us the key, but no one REALLY hears it: "Love your brother as you love yourself", "The kingdom of heaven is within", "there is power in many", "we must reason together".
As far as my favorite writings I have a special place for, you probably know by now I'm a lover of Doubting Thomas.
The coptic gospel of thomas says the following verse which reminds me very much of deconversion:
"Jesus said, 'Let him who seeks continue seeking until he
finds. When he finds, he will become troubled. When he becomes
troubled, he will be astonished, and he will rule over the All.'"
"Jesus said, 'If those who lead you say, 'See, the Kingdom is
in the sky,' then the birds of the sky will precede you. If they
say to you, 'It is in the sea,' then the fish will precede you.
Rather, the Kingdom is inside of you, and it is outside of you.
When you come to know yourselves, then you will become known, and
you will realize that it is you who are the sons of the living
Father. But if you will not know yourselves, you dwell in poverty
and it is you who are that poverty.'"
"Jesus said, 'Recognize what is in your sight, and that which
is hidden from you will become plain to you. For there is nothing
hidden which will not become manifest.'"
The book of Tobi is simply a riot. A bird shits in his eye so he he becomes blind, and all these crazy things occur like a huge quest to marry a cousin, etc. It's great for showing some of the ludicrous ideas that were circulating during that time.
The book of Esdras 1 is very near and dear to me because I grow excited when I find women and romatic love exalted in this patriarchy. in Esdras 1, 3 there is a wonderful tale where a king desires to find the wisest man, and shall give him a piece of his kingdom. So he calls for the three wisest and asks them what is the stongest thing. The first man replies it is wine because its influence brings forth honesty, merriment and strength. The second replies the king, because he rules over all the people. The third says the following:
"O ye men, it is not the great king, nor the multitude of men,
neither is it wine, that excelleth; who is it then that ruleth
them, or hath the lordship over them? are they not women?
Women have borne the king and all the people that bear rule
by sea and land. Even of them came they: and they nourished them up that
planted the vineyards, from whence the wine cometh. These also make garments for men; these bring glory unto men;
and without women cannot men be.
Yea, and if men have gathered together gold and silver, or
any other goodly thing, do they not love a woman which is comely
in favour and beauty? And letting all those things go, do they not gape, and even
with open mouth fix their eyes fast on her; and have not all men
more desire unto her than unto silver or gold, or any goodly
thing whatsoever?
A man leaveth his own father that brought him up, and his own
country, and cleaveth unto his wife. He sticketh not to spend his life with his wife. and
remembereth neither father, nor mother, nor country.
By this also ye must know that women have dominion over you:
do ye not labour and toil, and give and bring all to the woman? Yea, a man taketh his sword, and goeth his way to rob and to
steal, to sail upon the sea and upon rivers; And looketh upon a lion, and goeth in the darkness; and when
he hath stolen, spoiled, and robbed, he bringeth it to his love.
Wherefore a man loveth his wife better than father or mother. Yea, many there be that have run out of their wits for women,
and become servants for their sakes. Many also have perished, have erred, and sinned, for women.
And now do ye not believe me? is not the king great in his
power? do not all regions fear to touch him? Yet did I see him and Apame the king's concubine, the
daughter of the admirable Bartacus, sitting at the right hand of
the king, And taking the crown from the king's head, and setting it
upon her own head; she also struck the king with her left hand. And yet for all this the king gaped and gazed upon her with
open mouth: if she laughed upon him, he laughed also: but if she
took any displeasure at him, the king was fain to flatter, that
she might be reconciled to him again.
O ye men, how can it be but women should be strong, seeing
they do thus? Then the king and the princes looked one upon another: so he
began to speak of the truth."
The Gospel of Philip is my favorite from the Nag Hammadi writings:
"As for the Wisdom who is called "the barren," she is the mother of the angels. And the companion of the [...] Mary Magdalene. [...] loved her more than all the disciples, and used to kiss her often on her [...]. The rest of the disciples [...]. They said to him 'Why do you love her more than all of us?" The Savior answered and said to them, "Why do I not love you like her? When a blind man and one who sees are both together in darkness, they are no different from one another. When the light comes, then he who sees will see the light, and he who is blind will remain in darkness.'"
In this Gospel, Mary Magdalene appears not only as the disciple Jesus loved most but she also appears as a symbolic figure of heavenly wisdom. These stories of Mary - as Jesus' closest companion and a symbol of heavenly wisdom - are in sharp contrast with the Mary Magdalene of Catholic tradition. They are literally a smack in the face to the patriarchal church, and for that very reason, I adore them.
"Some said, 'Mary conceived by the Holy Spirit.' They are in error. They do not know what they are saying. When did a woman ever conceive by a woman? Mary is the virgin whom no power defiled. She is a great anathema to the Hebrews, who are the apostles and the apostolic men. This virgin whom no power defiled [...] the powers defile themselves. And the Lord would not have said 'My Father who is in Heaven' , unless he had had another father, but he would have said simply 'My father'."
"Ignorance is the mother of all evil. Ignorance will result in death, because those who come from ignorance neither were nor are nor shall be. [...] will be perfect when all the truth is revealed. For truth is like ignorance: while it is hidden, it rests in itself, but when it is revealed and is recognized, it is praised, inasmuch as it is stronger than ignorance and error. It gives freedom. The Word said, 'If you know the truth, the truth will make you free'. Ignorance is a slave. Knowledge is freedom. If we know the truth, we shall find the fruits of the truth within us. If we are joined to it, it will bring our fulfillment."
Oh man, I have written WAY more than intended. I have class tonight so I'm afraid I have to pack it in. Thank you stretch for letting me ramble. It is appreciated. And please know I look foward to more of your posts. (Hey Michael! I haven't forgot about you, I look foward to your posts as well!)