samcdkey said:
I don't deny that, but the scientific method did originate in Arabia
(Q) said:
Here we go again.
The scientific method in its modern form arguably developed in early Muslim philosophy, in particular, using experiments to distinguish between competing scientific theories, along with the methods of citation ("isnad"), peer review and open inquiry, leading to development of consensus ("ijma" via "ijtihad"), and a general belief that knowledge reveals nature honestly. During the middle ages, Islamic philosophy developed and was often pivotal in scientific debates–key figures were usually scientists and philosophers.
The prominent Arab-Iranian Muslim scientist Alhazen used the scientific method to obtain the results in his book Optics. In particular, he performed experiments and used the scientific method to show that the intromission theory of vision supported by Aristotle was scientifically correct, and that the emission theory of vision supported by Ptolemy and Euclid was wrong.
In his enunciation of a 'method' in the 13th century, Roger Bacon, under the tuition of Robert Grosseteste, was inspired by the writings of Muslim alchemists (particularly Alhazen's work), who had preserved and built upon Aristotle's portrait of induction. Bacon described a repeating cycle of observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and the need for independent verification.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_scientific_method
Aquinas knew of at least some of the Mutazilite work and the Renaissance and the use of empirical methods were inspired at least in part by Muslim works taken in Spain in 1492. The most significant achievements of early Muslim philosophers are:
the development of a strict science of citation, the isnad or "backing"
the development of a method of open inquiry to disprove claims, the ijtihad, which could be generally applied to many types of questions (although which to apply it to is an ethical question)
willingness to both accept and challenge authority within the same process
recognition that science and philosophy are both subordinate to morality, and that moral choices are prior to any investigation or concern with either.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Muslim_philosophy
Basic arithmetical skills can first be seen in Greek works by Nichomachus and others of the Pythagorean school. Basic arithmetic had been used for millennia without any rigorous theoretical development. Perhaps numerical understanding was encumbered by clumsy written systems found in Greek, Egyptian, and Roman cultures. Over the years of study and practice, the Islamic world seems to have encountered the concept of 'zero.' Use of our zero requires that one be successful not simply with counting, but with understanding the importance of place value in a written number system. The man who succeeded is unknown. We only know that he was a Hindu living no later than the 9th century.
(I know this. It was Aryabhatta in 500 AD)
Hindus call the symbol sunya, meaning empty. Arabs came to call this symbol sifr, which also means empty. In English this becomes cypher and we get the word zero from an archaic word zephirum. The speed of arithmetical computation was increased dramatically, not to mention the space saved in tabulating the sums, and hence paper and ink. Islamic advances in astronomy were the most advanced in the world at their time, and often they calculated tables with the longitude of Baghdad. Later authors, however, after a Caliphate was declared in Spain, used Cordoba for its tables. With a compact numbering system, tremendous advances in astronomy, astrology, and arithmetic were made possible.
The former Babylonian mathematical traditions formed great fruit under Arab rule. The study of trigenometry was a Babylonian discipline different from the Greeks. (The Babylonians were also the first to establish a place-value system of numbers, but this also was replaced by the 10-digit Hindu method.) Persian mathematician Omar Khayyám (1048-1131) combined the use of trigonometry and approximation theory to provide methods of solving algebraic equations by geometrical means. Khayyam solved the cubic equation x3 + 200x = 20x2 + 2000 and found a positive root of this cubic by considering the intersection of a rectangular hyperbola and a circle. An approximate numerical solution was then found by interpolation in trigonometric tables.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_science