Here's another proof that your equation,
$$
(x' - v't)^{2} \,-\, (ct')^{2} \,=\, x^{2} \,-\, (ct)^{2} \,,
$$
is wrong. When I was born, I was 0 years old and born 0 km from where I was born, so $$t \,=\, 0$$ and $$x \,=\, 0$$, and therefore:
$$
x^{2} \,-\, (ct)^{2} \,=\, 0 \,.
$$
Now, I'm 25 years old and I live about 756 km away from where I was born, and I'm sitting still, so $$t' \,=\, 25\,\mathrm{yr}$$, $$x' = 756\,\mathrm{km}$$, and $$v \,=\, 0$$. In the units I'm using, $$c \,\approx\, 9.46\,\cdot\,10^{12}\,\mathrm{km}/\mathrm{yr}$$. So:
$$
(x' - vt')^{2} \,-\, (ct')^{2} \,\approx\, - 5.60\,\cdot\,10^{28}\,\mathrm{km}^{2}/\mathrm{yr}^{2} \,.
$$
Obviously here,
$$
(x' - v't)^{2} \,-\, (ct')^{2} \,\neq\, x^{2} \,-\, (ct)^{2} \,.
$$
So your equation is wrong.