All right, so let's start with the "Human Development" issue:
First off, the area where the quote is cited is very general, and incorrect in several areas. Firstly, the sun is not a "lamp" (Q 71:16), but rather a glowing ball of burning gas, and there are no "seven heavens" (Q 71: 15).
[35:11] And Allah created you from dust, then from a drop, and then he made you pairs (male and female).
This is actually also incorrect. Male and female both originate from more ancestral primates, but here Mohammed is seemingly saying that humans originated via special creation which, as we know, is false.
"[75:37] Was he (man) not a drop of semen emitted?"
Actually, my translation (Pickthall) says:
75: 37 Was he not a drop of fluid which gushed forth?
It doesn't refer to semen, and given the usage in Sura 74 suggests water. This also is incorrect. In this then, it matches precisely with Q 86: 6, and with Q 76: 2, although the latter refers to a "thickened" fluid. Yet, it does not say "sperm"; neither does it say "fertilization of sperm and egg".
"[32:8] Then He (Allah) made his (Adam's) progeny from a quintessence of a despised liquid."
Actually my copy says:
Q 32: 8 Then He made his seed from a draught of despised liquid.
Now this is in fact quite striking. It refers to the notion that humans are in fact Allah's
seed, which is to say - if we take your site's version - his offspring. I assume that islam, which refutes the placing of gods aside Allah, does not really entail such a belief? Yet it's the literal reading, which does raise some questions. Too the idea that the liquid is "despised" - the site says it's presumed to come from the urethra, which is the same place as urine. Yet is the text then implying that Allah has a
penis? Surely not.
[75:37-38] Was he (man) not a drop of semen emitted? Then he did become something leech-like which clings...
My copy says of 75: 37-39:
Q 75: 37 Was he not a drop of fluid which gushed forth?
Q 75: 38 Then he became a clot; then (Allah) shaped and fashioned
Q 75: 39 And made of him a pair, male and female.
Yet, an embryo is
not a clot.
Nor are individual humans split into male and female. The passage, therefore, is clearly metaphorical in nature and derived from a somewhat deviant reading of a book of the Pentateuch - for individual human embryos do not themselves split into male and female beings in any way. The "leech" comment, thus, is out of place: yet it would be abundantly clear to anyone having done an autopsy of a dead animal or seen or heard of the birth of a child that a prepartum mammal "clings", leechlike to the uterine wall of its mother. This, I would think, would be abundant knowledge in the period - Mohammed, as - I believe - a camel merchant would almost certainly have had first hand knowledge of this, as any dairy farmer might. No one really needed to be told the reason for spontaneous bovine abortion even in the Dark Ages; it was simply that the fetus failed to "cling", "leechlike", to its mother. Old hat, not revelation.
[23:14] ...We made the drop into an ALAQAH (leech-like structure), and then We changed the ALAQAH into a MUDGHAH (chewed-like substance), then We changed the MUDGHAH into IDHAAM (bones, skeleton), then We clothed the IDHAAM with LAHM (flesh, muscles), then We caused him to grow and come into being as another creation.
[22:5] ...We created you out of dust, then out of a drop, then out of a MUDGHAH, partly formed and partly unformed...
The second stage describes the embryo as evolving into a MUDGHAH which means something which has been chewed (especially a piece of meat), or which has the appearance of having been chewed. This seemingly crude description is in fact quite accurate: after the fertilized egg lodges itself in the uterus, it begins to receive its first nutrients and energy from its mother. Consequently, it begins to grow especially rapidly, and after a week or two it looks like a ragged piece of meat to the naked eye. This effect is enhanced by the development of small buds and protrusions which will eventually grow into complete organs and limbs.
This is ridiculous. Limb buds and eye buds would not in any way "enhance" the supposed appearance of an early development fetus to a piece of "chewed meat", which it very frankly does not look like in any way. It would be an extraordinarily dull mind which took such a comparison as literally correct. The fetus, if it appears as anything, appears fishlike or batrachian, which is what sponsored the entire debate about ontogeny recapitulating phylogeny.
The next two stages described in verse [23:14] tell of bones being made from the MUDGHAH, followed by the "clothing" of the bones with flesh or muscles.
I regret to say that this association is merely fortuitous. Naturally, the skeleton would be expected to develop first since it is in the corpus interior, and since it supports the rest of the body. This would have also been quite apparent even in Mohammed's period.
I think that essentially wraps up the "Development" argument. I'll deal with the others sequentially starting tomorrow.