I was interested in some earlier threads that suggested that Sociopaths might have inherent brain differences to the "normal population".
From an anthropological perspective, the sociopath lacks the pack-social instinct that guides human relationships. Like wolves, gorillas, lions, horses, dolphins and many other mammalian species, we have synapses programmed by our DNA to depend on and care for a small group of extended-family members whom we've known intimately since birth. This contrasts with:
- Solitary hunters or scavengers, who regard others of their species as competitors for scarce resources except in the narrow circumstances of mating and (for females) childrearing, and with
- Herd-social species, who maintain a minimal level of courtesy with anonymous strangers, band together to fight off predators and protect the young of the herd, and follow the lead cow to new grazing lands.
- There are other types of socialization but these are the only ones I know much about and I don't even know the proper biologist's names for them.
Humans have taken pack-socialization to a new level. Unlike the lone wolf or the lone chimpanzee, it's very difficult for a lone human to survive in nature, especially since we've pushed the frontiers of civilization to some incredibly hostile climate zones. But more than that, we have overridden our instinctive behavior with reasoned and learned behavor. We have redefined our "pack" and expanded it to include:
- First, nearby clans who moved in together at the dawn of the Agricultural Revolution, when economies of scale made larger farms and herds more productive,
- Second, people we were barely acquainted with in the first large towns, when division of labor made specialized occupations possible,
- Then, anonymous strangers in cities,
- Then, people in distant parts of a nation whom we never even met,
- And now, people on the other side of the planet who are nothing more than abstractions to us.
We are, effectively, operating as a herd-social species. Unfortunately a few hundred generations of evolution have not been enough to reprogram our instincts, so we are always imposing reasoned and learned behavior over our instinctive behavior. (Unlike dogs, who have had twenty thousand generations to become a distinct subspecies of wolf, and are, ironically, better adapted to civilization than we are.)
This explains why people so often behave in "uncivilized" ways. We're constantly quarreling with our Inner Caveman, trying to get him to repress his Stone Age instincts and get along with strangers. Since he's rational he's generally willing to do that in return for the benefits of central heating, cheeseburgers, leisure time, discretionary income, and a much larger assortment of Caveladies to choose from. But occasionally he has a bad day and reverts to Paleolithic behavior.
The difference with a sociopath is that he doesn't have any social instincts at all. He's just pretending. For him, every day is an exercise in pretending to be one of us so he can share in the bounty provided by our civilization. Like the caveman, he is
rational (after all he is a
Homo sapiens), so he gets pretty good at this charade. There are probably sociopaths walking among us who have disciplined themselves to be indistinguishable from us, playing their role flawlessly. They may have few friends and no spouse or children, because that level of acting is too difficult, but still they manage to fit in. They probably take from civilization more than they contribute, because they have no conscience, but hey lots of "normal" people don't manage to do any better than that. If the sociopath never commits murder, it's because he's making the same tradeoff as our Inner Caveman: let the other people live and have their own wealth, in order to get along and prosper rather than going to prison. It's a
rational decision that even a sociopath can understand.
But the sociopaths we can identify don't try to fit in, perhaps because they lack the acting talent to pull it off, or perhaps because they are so repulsed by human companionship that they can't stand to let us live happily.
Whether sociopathy can be a condition that occurs later in life is a question I'll leave to the experts. The young of all mammal species are programmed to be kind to their parents, and often to their siblings--even those who will grow up to be solitary hunters who kill a member of their own species who intrudes on their territory.
A human born as a sociopath may, therefore, grow up looking and acting normal, and only manifest his true personality as he matures. By this point he's had years of practice
being one of us so he has all the skills to
pass as one of us.
If something happens to a normal human--a brain injury, for example--that turns him into a sociopath, I'm not sure how we could distinguish him from one who was born that way. They both have to get along with their parents or they won't survive childhood.