Some things that haven't been said but should be
Concerning the "scientific" arguments that fertilized egg = human life. What you don't realize is that a fertilized egg also = 2 human lives. Sometimes even 3. And possibly 4 or more. They're called maternal (or identical) twins, the "natural" version of genetic clones. So obviously there is a fundamental flaw in the argument that traces individuality back to a single fertilized egg. And not just a single flaw.
Many miscarriages occur due to a genetic defect in the developing embryo. In such cases the embryo was never even destined to become an individual; there was only a superficial appearance of potential.
An embryo, especially early-stage embryo, is no more an individual than a woman's liver. At such early stages, it is entirely a parasitic growth. Cancer is also a parasitic growth. It also has all the 46 human chromosomes of a fully formed, sexed, etc. individual. The crux of the issue is that an embryo has no existence apart from the woman's body; it is not an individual.
A genetic defect may result in the embryo producing a newborn with no brain. Instead of a brain, the skull is filled with fluid. This birth defect is called anencephaly. In such a situation, I think it can and should be argued that the resulting "child" is not a human being -- and never will be. And why? Because it does not have a brain. Which is why humanity is determined by the presence of a human brain that is developed enough to function at least at a rudimentary level. First-trimester fetuses are absolutely clearly not so endowed and therefore absolutely clearly not human.
I think that to rape, incest and child pregnancy we should add severe birth defects as a reason for imposing abortion as a legal right. It is truly cruel and subhuman to force a mother to allow a fetus to mature into an individual who will be born into a tortured life of certain, incurable, and incessant agony. That would be completely undeserved and hideous punishment both for the mother and for the individual-to-be. Note: I'm not advocating eugenics. But elementary compassion must be allowed -- just as in the case of euthanasia. If we allow putting a suffering dog "to sleep", it is a scandal if we won't allow the prospective parent such a choice before it's too late.
An individual is not determined entirely or even to a vast extent by his biochemical (including genetic) endowment. What we are unwittingly brushing here is the hot-button debate of nature vs. nurture. An enormous part of what makes a human is the human experience. The environment and interactions with the environment have an overwhelming effect in shaping the individual from the very moment of birth and probably even sooner all the way through maturity. This important portion of humanity is not contained in the genes nor in a fertilized egg nor even in a 3 month old protohuman embryo. This also ties into having a brain as a necessary prerequisite for a life to be considered human.
Consider, for a moment, a hypothetical scenario where human reproduction is not sexual but asexual. In such a case pregnancy would not be anyone's fault; rather it would be an unavoidable and not always desirable condition. I think that about 80% of the "pro-life" arguments that are based on guilt and "responsibility" would suddenly collapse under such a scenario. The truth of the matter is that under the "pro-life" slogan hide the true motivations -- the movement is pro-guilt, pro-oppression, pro-religion, pro-overpopulation, pro-suffering, pro-participation mystique.
Concerning the "scientific" arguments that fertilized egg = human life. What you don't realize is that a fertilized egg also = 2 human lives. Sometimes even 3. And possibly 4 or more. They're called maternal (or identical) twins, the "natural" version of genetic clones. So obviously there is a fundamental flaw in the argument that traces individuality back to a single fertilized egg. And not just a single flaw.
Many miscarriages occur due to a genetic defect in the developing embryo. In such cases the embryo was never even destined to become an individual; there was only a superficial appearance of potential.
An embryo, especially early-stage embryo, is no more an individual than a woman's liver. At such early stages, it is entirely a parasitic growth. Cancer is also a parasitic growth. It also has all the 46 human chromosomes of a fully formed, sexed, etc. individual. The crux of the issue is that an embryo has no existence apart from the woman's body; it is not an individual.
A genetic defect may result in the embryo producing a newborn with no brain. Instead of a brain, the skull is filled with fluid. This birth defect is called anencephaly. In such a situation, I think it can and should be argued that the resulting "child" is not a human being -- and never will be. And why? Because it does not have a brain. Which is why humanity is determined by the presence of a human brain that is developed enough to function at least at a rudimentary level. First-trimester fetuses are absolutely clearly not so endowed and therefore absolutely clearly not human.
I think that to rape, incest and child pregnancy we should add severe birth defects as a reason for imposing abortion as a legal right. It is truly cruel and subhuman to force a mother to allow a fetus to mature into an individual who will be born into a tortured life of certain, incurable, and incessant agony. That would be completely undeserved and hideous punishment both for the mother and for the individual-to-be. Note: I'm not advocating eugenics. But elementary compassion must be allowed -- just as in the case of euthanasia. If we allow putting a suffering dog "to sleep", it is a scandal if we won't allow the prospective parent such a choice before it's too late.
An individual is not determined entirely or even to a vast extent by his biochemical (including genetic) endowment. What we are unwittingly brushing here is the hot-button debate of nature vs. nurture. An enormous part of what makes a human is the human experience. The environment and interactions with the environment have an overwhelming effect in shaping the individual from the very moment of birth and probably even sooner all the way through maturity. This important portion of humanity is not contained in the genes nor in a fertilized egg nor even in a 3 month old protohuman embryo. This also ties into having a brain as a necessary prerequisite for a life to be considered human.
Consider, for a moment, a hypothetical scenario where human reproduction is not sexual but asexual. In such a case pregnancy would not be anyone's fault; rather it would be an unavoidable and not always desirable condition. I think that about 80% of the "pro-life" arguments that are based on guilt and "responsibility" would suddenly collapse under such a scenario. The truth of the matter is that under the "pro-life" slogan hide the true motivations -- the movement is pro-guilt, pro-oppression, pro-religion, pro-overpopulation, pro-suffering, pro-participation mystique.
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