According to Bernard Lewis,[4] while Muslims held negative stereotypes regarding Jews, these stereotypes were not indicative of antisemitism because, unlike Christians, Muslims viewed Jews as objects of ridicule, not fear, as Muslims did not attribute "cosmic evil" to Jews.[5] In his view, in the late nineteenth century movements first appear among Muslims that can legitimately be described as antisemitic.[6]
According to Frederick M. Schweitzer and Marvin Perry, there is an antisemitic infrastructure extant in Islam. They argue that there are negative description of Jews in the Qur'an and Hadith and that Islamic regimes regulated Jews in degrading ways. Nonetheless, they compare Muslim regimes favorably to Christendom. For example, they say that Jews were subjected to polemics, persecutions and massacres far less under Muslim than Christian rule.[7]