"Bottom line" of this post is that human extinction by 2020 is possible! How is explained but first a quick overview of processes, then more details in expanded overview:
Text on the 10 numbered details follows next (but read my added comment too after these 10):
1.Albedo feedback: Accelerated warming in the Arctic speeds up the decline of ice and snow cover, further accelerating albedo change.
2.Methane feedback: Methane releases in the Arctic further add to the acceleration of warming in the Arctic, further contributing to weaken Arctic methane stores and increasing the danger that methane releases will trigger runaway global warming.
3.Currents feedback: Sea ice loss can cause vertical sea currents to weaken, reducing the cooling effect they had on the seabed. This can thus further cause sediments to warm up that can contain huge amounts of methane in the form of free gas and hydrates.
4.Storms feedback: Increased frequency and intensity of storms can cause substantially more vertical mixing of the sea water column, causing more warming of the seabed, thus further contributing to the warming of sediments, as above.
5.Storms feedback: Accelerated warming in the Arctic can result in more storms, causing mixing of cold Arctic air with warmer air from outside the Arctic. The net result is a warmer Arctic.
6.Storms feedback: More open waters can result in more storms that can push the ice across the Arctic Ocean, and possibly all the way out of the Arctic Ocean.
7.Storms feedback: Storms also cause more waves that break up the sea ice. Smaller pieces of ice melt quicker than large pieces. A large flat and solid layer of ice is also less susceptible to wind than many lighter and smaller pieces of ice that will stand out above the water and capture the wind like the sails of yachts.
8.Storms feedback: Storms cause waters to become more wavy. Calm waters can reflect much sunlight back into space, acting as a mirror, especially when the sun shines under a low angle. Wavy waters, on the other hand, absorb more sunlight.
9.Fires feedback: More extreme weather comes with heatwaves and storms. Thus, this is in part another storms feedback. The combination of storms and fires can be deadly. Heatwaves can spark fires that, when fueled up by storms, turn into firestorms affecting huge areas and causing huge amounts of emissions.
Storms can whip up particles that when deposited on ice, snow or the bare soil, can cause more sunlight to be absorbed.
10.Open doors feedback: Accelerated warming in the Arctic causes the polar vortex and jet stream to weaken, causing more extreme weather and making it easier for warm air to enter the Arctic
{all above from: http://arctic-news.blogspot.com.br/2012/08/diagram-of-doom.html}
Rpenner calculated the Global Warming Potential of a "puff" of CH4 released averaged over several periods but assumed that the half life was constant, and got 104 times more GWP than same mass puff of CO2 during first decade (And I now know at least two others who call it 100 times more potent in first 10 years. - I. e. he got it right.) However, in the arctic the rate of CH4 release is highest and has lowered the concentration of the OH radical, the main agent that destroys it. I.e. there the half life is more that 12.6 years. A 2009 study by Drew Shindell et al. ... using a horizon of 10 years, methane's GWP is more than 130 times that of carbon dioxide.{But the increase is due to interactions with atmosphere aerosols, not the longer life time where OH concentrations have been lowered. When that is considered, the Local WP is about 1000 times greater than CO4!
http://methane-hydrates.blogspot.com.br/2013/04/methane-hydrates.html said:
the Arctic LWP will be even higher. In conclusion, local concentration alone makes that a methane cloud still hanging over the Arctic five years after its release will have a huge LWP, i.e. well over 1000 times the potency locally that the same mass of carbon dioxide has globally.
OH- is mainly made by UV and after sun set rapidly declines as it is very reactive. The blue/grey spot over the Andes Mountains is just due to lower air density. The percent OH in air there in the afternoon is highest as UV is stronger at high altitudes.
From same source as just quoted:
"The above points make it likely that methane from a large abrupt release at the poles will hang around long enough locally to trap huge amounts of heat from summer sunshine, in an ecosystem that is already at the edge. The danger is that this heat will penetrate deep into the permafrost and trigger further releases of methane from the huge quantities of methane that are present in the form of free gas and hydrates. ... Accelerating warming further weakens the capability of the seabed to hold the methane that is contained in the form of hydrates and free gas in sediments under the sea, in a vicious cycle that threatens to lead to runaway warming. What would the impact be of abrupt release of 1Gt of methane in the Arctic, compared to the total global carbon dioxide emissions from fossil-fuel burning, cement manufacture, and gas flaring? Left graph below gives a rather conservative impact, showing a rapid decline toward a small residual impact as carbon dioxide. Right graph below shows what the red of the left graph would produce: wide spread extinction of warm blooded animals
There is no reason to think that a 1GTon burp of CH4 will happen when shown on the graph (essentially now), but it could. If it is less or later, human extinction is delayed. I don't think it is even possible now as need ice free at end of summer Arctic Ocean first before long "reach" winds can mix warm water down on the East Siberian costal shelf bottom
Average depth only 45 meters and huge area is full of methane ice at 50M or less.
Unfortunately I expect the Arctic Ocean will be essentially ice free by end of September 2016. In addition to standard reasons, part of why I think this is the extreme drought in US's SW (and part of Canada too) - I. e. even ice left at end of summer 2015 will have significantly lower albedo due to forest fire soot as west coast of Greenland already does (along the steep edges of the ice sheet). This is one of many (31 positive, mutually re-enforcing, feed backs) things the IPCC neglects. Mutually re-enforcing positive feed backs effects IPCC ignores - considers each separately as a "forcing function" so grossly under estimations of how serious Global Warming is.