In answer to the hypothetical question about swapping for a non-Theistic religion, Karmashock said
Karmashock said:
Hypothetically, perhaps but I would be more tempted to violate the moral rules.
This means that you hold back from committing sins because it's part of a rule book that you have been trained to follow. I won't presuppose your reason for doing so - maybe you do it because you're scared of hellfire, or maybe you do it simply because you love God, and God set up the rules, and you can't show that you love God if you break his rules (irrespective of ending up in Hell).
But an atheist, faced with a moral choice does without either the fear of extreme agony for eternity or the need to demonstrate love to some Father- (or Mother-)figure. At the basis of all morality is the basic question, "Does this action I contemplate cause harm to someone else?" Those are the only moral choices that really matter. And in fact the choice is generally made (in either direction) by reference to that question rather than, well, "WWJD?" by people of faith as well as people without faith. Everything is a matter of weight, of pros and cons.
On the lowest level, lets say you have the opportunity to commit adultery. The reason that adultery is bad is not because God has ordained that Man and Woman shall be as One, and that consequently adulterers are stoned to death or otherwise censured. Adultery is bad because it causes pain to the innocent party or parties. It can lead to the break up of marriage which is frequently almost intolerably painful to the children involved. A religious person who only considered the rules might consider that it's worth while a risk to take - risking eternal damnation but possibly escaping that by demonstrating sufficient repentance and penance after the fact. An atheist does not have any such get-out-of-jail-free clause only has the genuine moral issues of "who is going to get hurt?" Of course, in reality I don't believe that religious people (or at least the vast majority of them) consider God as their first priority either. If they succumb, possibly they think about God and what He might think afterwards - but in the process of succumbing they were really balancing the same moral choices as the atheist (who's no less likely to succumb, by the way, in case you think I'm making the case that all atheists are moral paragons).
Moral choices get harder and surely more frequent, the more authority you have. If you have people's lives in your hand, moral choices come up all the time - and again, I believe that religious people and atheists make those choices based on the same balances, though phrased slightly differently "what is the best outcome for the most people?" A religiouis person could absolve themselves from responsibility by highlighting some clause in Leviticus or whatever that might be interpreted as not wilfully depriving someone of their living. But they don't - like the atheist they have to base their decision on the ultimate good, regardless of what God has to say on the issue. If making someone redundant helps the company weather a bad patch and avoid bankruptcy, then clearly the majority of people have been considered over and above the needs of the individual.
If you get to Presidential level, there is scarcely a decision you can make that won't have a bad impact on some level. From
The American PresidentAide: What you did tonight was very presidential.
The President: Leon, somewhere in Libya right now, a janitor's working the night shift at Libyan Intelligence headquarters. He's going about doing his job... because he has no idea, in about an hour he's going to die in a massive explosion. He's just going about his job, because he has no idea that about an hour ago I gave an order to have him killed. You've just seen me do the least presidential thing I do.
No doubt George W. Bush prayed to God for guidance when making similar decisions, but the answers he got boiled down to balancing political gain for his people against the lives of 100,000 Iraqis. I personally have no doubt that his decision was wrong in view of the consequences to life, but maybe that would not square with God's viewpoint. Maybe there
is a God who does answer prayers, and God told him what to do. That would put me in direct conflict with God because I feel my position is more moral than His. That doesn't mean I'm right. But it does mean that some morals that supposedly come from God or the Bible, I find morally reprehensible.
(additional note - I disagree with GWB's decision, but I'm not claiming he committed an absolute moral wrong when he made it. I wouldn't want to be the one to have to make that kind of decision.)