About five million years ago, the plateau began to split. The separation was never completed, but the process left behind a massive scar, which can be traced from Turkey down the line of the Jordan River, Dead Sea, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea, and then inland across Africa, where the scar is a trench partly filled by narrow but very deep lakes, including Albert, Edward, Kivu, Tanganyika and Malawi--formerly called Nyasa. (Lake Victoria, to the contrary, sits in a bowl between two arms of the trench, and though its surface area is large, the lake's water is never more than a few hundred feet deep. The rift lakes are thousands of feet deep.)
This geological rifting was filled by upwelling lava, most dramatically in Mount Kilimanjaro but also in the broad and rugged upland of Ethiopia. There, the volcanic flows were trenched by rivers, the Blue Nile the best known. Great canyons were formed--which is why the country was known in classical antiquity (and to a lesser degree even today) as Abyssinia.
The formation of the rift uplands changed the climate of East Africa. West of the rift, equatorial Africa is rain forest, moistened by winds drawn in from the Atlantic by the heat of the Equatorial lowlands. Rifting and uplifting blocked the path of those winds, so equatorial Africa east of the rift became savanna or outright desert. It remains so today. Winds from the Indian Ocean do bring some moisture to the highlands: they are the source of the annual Nile flood. But they are seasonal and often dry, originating over Arabia and blowing almost parallel to the coast.
HUMAN ORIGINS. East of the rift, in short, the continent dried out, creating a new ecological niche in which bipedal apes appeared...