Modern humans, species Homo sapiens, first appear in the fossil record ~130kya, but DNA analysis suggest the speciation occurred ~200kya. There are no other species of humans (genus Homo) now in existence, but there was a steady stream of them starting around 7mya, when the two genera of Homo and Pan (now represented by the two species of chimpanzees) split off from a common ancestor. A number of human species migrated successfully from Africa to Asia and Europe, but those lines were dead ends, except for Homo neanderthalensis, who existed in Europe until about 25kya when the first sapiens arrived. Trace anomalies in European DNA suggest that the Neanderthals were not killed off or out-competed to extinction, so much as that modern humans interbred with them and assimilated them into their own much larger population.
The family of Great Apes (now including humans, orangutans, the two gorillas and the two chimps) and the family of Lesser Apes (gibbons) separated 18mya. The apes split off from the New World Monkeys 25mya.
It's important to understand that many species of the superfamily of apes (Hominoidea) still exist, and that H. sapiens is one of those species. Just as it's important to understand that a large variety of primates still exist, and apes are primates, as are Old World and New World monkeys, lorises, ai-ais, lemurs, etc. Considerable speciation has occurred with in the order Primata, but the order itself continues to thrive. Just because one ancestral species of a taxonomic group diverged so greatly from its relatives that it gave rise to a new taxonomic group, does not mean that the original taxonomic group ceased to exist. Other species that existed at the same time remained within the same classification.
The same is true of many other taxonomic groups of animals. Within the class Reptilia, species of crocodiles existed more than 100mya, but those species have been replaced by their descendants today. So even though those particular crocodiles no longer exist, crocodiles still exist. The same is true of apes.
One clade of mammals split apart into primates, tree shrews and other related groups ~70mya. Going further back, the Euarchontoglires or Superprimates, whose modern members include the rodents, rabbits and other moderately close relatives of the primates, separated from the rest of the mammals ~90mya.
The Eutherians, whose members today are all the placental mammals, split off from the marsupials and monotremes ~125mya. The first mammals appeared ~200mya. Mammals and birds evolved from two ancestral species of reptiles, an order that still exists, and reptiles descended from an ancestral species of amphibians, which also still exists. The other descendants of the early amphibians are still amphibians. Amphibians evolved from an ancestral species of fish, and a wide variety of fish descended from other ancestral species still exist.
The first vertebrates arose ~500mya. Vertebrates and other chordates (sharks, eels and other animals with cartilaginous instead of bony skeletons) are one phylum of Bilateria, animals with bilateral symmetry and an internal body cavity. This group includes most of the living non-microscopic animal species (but not all, e.g. jellyfish), and it split off from the simpler animals ~550mya.
The first fossils of animals appear ~600mya, but non-observational evidence suggests that they might have appeared 1bya.
Animals, plants, fungi, and the other kingdoms encompassing the most complicated organisms are members of the domain of Eukaryotes. Eukaryotes are defined by having a nucleus in each of their cells. The two other domains of terrestrial lifeforms, whose cells have no nucleus, are the bacteria and the archaea, which includes very simple, difficult-to-classify organisms such as viruses.
Without observational evidence of fragile microscopic organisms whose remains could not possibly have been preserved, life on earth is generally acknowledged to have first existed ~4bya. DNA analysis has not established as "true beyond a reasonable doubt" (my own borrowing of legal language to replace inscrutable scientific language) that all three groups of organisms (eukaryotes, bacteria and archaea) share a common ancestor. Therefore the possibility that life arose independently more than once cannot be completely ruled out, although the similarities that exist make that possibility difficult to entertain.
The mechanism by which self-catalyzing chemical reactions gave rise to true organic matter is not yet fully understood. The level of complexity at which we would categorize these reactions as "life" has not been established. This entire process of "chemical evolution," as it were, is more properly called abiogenesis. Biological evolution begins with the first transformation of one type of organism into another, not with the appearance of the first organism ever.
The distinction between abiogenesis and evolution is an extremely important one, which is often overlooked in laymen's discussions of the history of the universe. Evolution is a canonical scientific theory with abundant evidence of many types, which is "true beyond a reasonable doubt." Abiogenesis is a hypothesis. For the purposes of a scholary discussion on a website devoted to science, it must be recognized that "evolution" on earth began sometime after the solidification of the planet, and it is meaningless to apply the word to any earlier period. Our understanding of the behavior of the universe in the distant past is full of gaps.