Issues
8. There is no dispute that the Article is defamatory of the Claimant. The issues which I have to determine are meaning (to a limited extent) and the three substantive defences advanced by the Defendants: justification (truth), honest comment and Reynolds privilege. Because of my conclusions on liability, the issue of damages does not arise.
Summary of conclusions
9. My conclusions are that the Article is substantially true whether one considers the meanings complained of by the Claimant or justified by the Defendants (insofar as there is any difference), that it contains comments which are defensible as honest comment and that it was the product of responsible journalism, so that the defence of Reynolds privilege succeeds.
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Lucas-Box (a): The Claimant abused his position as Editor-in-Chief by publishing in CSF an excessive number of articles written by himself.
88. The Defendants rely on a number of strands of evidence in support of this part of their case: the first, is what may be described as the numerical case; the second comes from Professor Turok's evidence on the quality and repetitiveness of the Claimant's papers published in CSF in 2008, and the third comes from Professor Keating's evidence on the norms which apply to scientific publishing to the Lucas- Box meaning (a) to which I have already referred. This evidence provides a compelling case that this allegation is true.
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The poor quality of the papers published
105. The quality of the articles in question is relevant both to whether publication of them was excessive, and to whether the Claimant abused his position as Editor-in-Chief of CSF by publishing them in the quantity he did. The question of quality is addressed in detail in relation to Lucas-Box meaning (b); but for present purposes I need only say that I accept Professor Turok's opinion that the quality of the Claimant's 58 articles published in CSF in 2008 was such that they would not have been published by any reputable peer reviewed journal. This in itself is strongly supportive of the case that the Claimant abused his position by self-publishing them in CSF.
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Lucas-Box (b) The Claimant's articles tended to be of poor quality.
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120. Through Professor Turok, it is said by the Defendants that on analysis, the 58 papers or articles contained the following defects:
- A failure to define terminology and concepts, including in particular a failure to present the principles and equations of "E-infinity theory" and the predictions which are said to be deduced from it;
- Strongly expressed conclusions, unsupported by any, or any intelligible process of logical reasoning; in particular, the repeated unexplained reliance on numerical coincidences in support of the assertion that the Claimant's "E-infinity theory" is correct;
- Statements which are meaningless or obscure, even to a readers with expertise in the field of theoretical physics;
- Statements which are simply wrong;
- Elementary errors of spelling and grammar;
- A lack of any, or any substantial, contribution of new knowledge to the field;
- An excessive degree of citation of other articles written or co-written by the Claimant, in particular in order to justify assertions which should have been supported by self-contained argument or references to the work of independent authors (the articles published by the Claimant in CSF in 2008 contained approximately 301 citations of his own articles in CSF, including citations of "in press" articles: i.e. those articles which were due to be, but which had not at the material time, been formally published);
- The use of those articles to advertise other articles by the Claimant.
121. In my judgment, for the reasons explained by Professor Turok, these criticisms were well-founded.
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Lucas-Box (c): Whilst CSF was under the Claimant's editorial control his articles had been subject to (at best) very poor peer review before publication in CSF.
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179. The short point is a proper peer review process would have "picked-up" the defects in quality Professor Turok identified and Claimant's papers would not then have been recommended for publication, let alone published in their current form.
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191. Even if the Claimant's case on what happened at CSF is taken at face value, it is apparent as Professor Keating concluded that nothing which could be described as appropriately rigorous or ethical peer review of his papers took place.
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Lucas-Box (d) CSF's Impact Factor may have been inflated by an excessive rate of citation of the Claimant's articles in CSF during his editorship.
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210. The question then arises whether the citation of the Claimant's papers which has this inflationary effect on the IF is "excessive citation". In my view it is for the following reasons.
211. First, the vast majority, as it was described by Professor Turok, of citations within the Claimant's own papers were to papers written by him. Moreover, key assertions by the Claimant were frequently justified only by reference to his own papers rather than by a self-contained argument or by references to peer reviewed work by independent authors as is the common and accepted practice in the Field. In Professor Turok's view the Claimant's papers "advertised" himself to an unusually high extent: indeed sometimes, whole sections of his papers were devoted only to this. The Claimant's papers were self-referring and self-promoting to an extent well beyond that acceptable in a scientific journal. In those circumstances, his self-citation obviously excessive.
212. Second, the quality of the Claimant's papers is also relevant. Professor Turok's evidence was, in effect as Mr Caldecott submitted, that the Claimant's papers were bordering on meaningless.
Any citation of papers of such poor quality was excessive, and they should not have been cited by the Claimant or any other author writing in CSF.
213. Third, two charts provided by Ms McVeigh set out in Schedule 2 to this judgment, illustrate two important related facts: (i) that the vast majority of references to the Claimant's papers are from other papers published in CSF, rather than from the wider literature; see Ms McVeigh's Figure 4; and (ii) the strong correlation between the citation of Claimant's papers and his editorship of CSF: see Ms McVeigh's Figure 5. As Professor Turok said there was a remarkably strong correlation between years when the Claimant's papers received a large number of citations, and the years when he was editing CSF (falling for example, from 1325 in 2009, to 26 in the first third of year of 2011). The correlation continues into 2009, because the journal had a significant backlog of papers already accepted by the Claimant which Elsevier agreed to publish as one of the terms of the Claimant's retirement. There are other journals publishing work in the same area as CSF and where one might expect to see citation of the Claimant's work if such citation were academically justified. Though the Claimant referred to some Google Scholar Statistics in his cross-examination of Ms McVeigh and in his closing submissions, which apparently showed 421 citations to date of one his papers, these statistics were not formally in evidence at trial and the Defendants did not have an opportunity to investigate the source or dates of the citations concerned.
214. The inescapable conclusion therefore is, as the Defendants submit, that the papers published in CSF under the Claimant's editorship discussed and referred to his work to an unjustified extent. On this basis also, citation of the Claimant's work by authors writing in CSF can properly be described as excessive.
Lucas-Box (e): There were reasonable grounds to suspect that the Claimant's imminent retirement as Editor-in-Chief was connected to these aforesaid faults as Editor-in-Chief. Alternatively, if the Article meant and was understood to mean that the Claimant was dismissed or forced to retire because of his faults as Editor-in-Chief, then it is true in that meaning also
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216. Amongst the Elsevier Documents are a letter of termination to the Claimant from Elsevier, and correspondence from which it can be seen that Elsevier terminated the Publishing Agreement, that they did so because they were dissatisfied with the Claimant's editorship of CSF, that they maintained their position despite threats of litigation and protests from the Claimant; and that the Claimant was forced to 'retire' from his position as Editor-in-Chief of CSF.
217. The Elsevier Documents therefore establish not merely reasonable grounds, but the higher meaning complained of by the Claimant.
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Lucas-Box (f): The Claimant was cavalier about his academic and professional affiliations, having falsely claimed to be a distinguished fellow of the Institute of Physics at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt and having made other suspect claims to impressive academic affiliations. If, which is denied, the Article meant that the Claimant had claimed affiliations to which he knew he was not entitled, the Defendants will contend that the Article was also true in that meaning.
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283. Having regard to all these matters I am satisfied that the Defendants have established the truth of the higher meaning complained of by the Claimant in relation to the affiliations issue. That is, the Claimant was not merely cavalier about his academic and professional affiliations, but had claimed impressive affiliations to which he knew he was not entitled, which, and not coincidentally in my view, considerably inflated his academic position and achievements in each case.
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Lucas-Box (g) There were reasonable and serious grounds for suspecting that the Claimant used, or caused others to use, fictitious names in order to respond to enquiries about his editorial practice.
286. This is the most curious (indeed it might even be described as bizarre) feature of this case.
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311. Whoever sent the false name emails however, whether it was Ms Boehm or Mrs Thorsen-El Naschie, or indeed both of them, the question which matters is whether the emails were sent with the Claimant's knowledge or authority. I am satisfied they were.
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371. Nature regarded this as a charade and reasonably so in my view. An email from Ms Witze to QS at the time said (somewhat presciently in the circumstances) said that she was convinced the emails Nature were receiving were coming from the Claimant himself; it was she who had asked QS to confirm the identity of P. Cooper.
372. These peculiar communications, the tone of which is somewhat difficult to convey, are not merely relevant to whether the Claimant was given an opportunity to respond, but to the suspicions and reasonable ones as it seems to me, within Nature at the time, that something 'fishy' was going on to put it colloquially. As QS said in evidence, the lack of response from P. Cooper tended to confirm such suspicions. The use of pseudonyms as he suspected them to be, struck him as wholly unprofessional and suggestive of a desire to avoid giving full answers. They justified (in the Reynolds sense) the decision to say in the Article for example, that P. Cooper "claimed" to be a spokesman for the CSF Editorial Board: in other words to the decision to point out the lack of clarity as to who P. Green and P. Cooper actually were.
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382. In the result, I consider the Article was the product of responsible journalism. It resulted in the publication of information of high order of public interest. The claim to Reynolds privilege therefore succeeds as an additional defence to the Article.
Outcome
383. For all these reasons the Claimant's claim is dismissed. I have considered the communications from the parties and the draft orders proposed by the parties following the circulation of the judgment in draft. It follows from my conclusions that the Defendants are entitled to their costs of the action to be assessed if not agreed. All other consequential matters can be dealt with in writing in default of agreement or at a further hearing if necessary.