Don't take my word for it...
Read the responses of some of the evolutionists to their own theory.
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<H1 align=center><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=5>IMPACT No. 136</FONT></H1>
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<H3 align=center><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=4><B>EVOLUTION: THE CHANGING SCENE</B></FONT></H3>
<P align=center>By Duane T. Gish, Ph.D.</FONT></P>
<P align=center>Institute for Creation Research, PO Box 2667, El Cajon, CA
92021<BR>Voice: (619) 448-0900 FAX: (619) 448-3469</FONT></P>
<P align=center>"Vital Articles on Science/Creation" October 1984<BR>Copyright ©
1984 All Rights Reserved</FONT></P>
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<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>Prof. Derek Ager of
the University at Swansea, Wales, in <I>Proc. Geol.</I> Assoc. Vol. 87, p. 132
(1976) has stated</FONT></P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>"It must be significant that nearly all the evolutionary stories I
learned as a student, from Trueman's<I> Ostrea/Gryphea</I> to Carruther's
<I>Raphrentis delanouei</I>, have now been 'debunked.' Similarly, my own
experience of more than twenty years looking for evolutionary lineages among
the Mesozoic Brachiopoda has proved them equally elusive."</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>This admission by
Prof. Ager (no friend of creationists) fits in very well with the title of this
article—a significant part of the changing scene in evolutionary circles is the
changing attitude of evolutionists concerning the fossil record—more and more
are now admitting that the missing links are still missing, that they have
little or no evidence for gradual change in the fossil record.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>In his article in
<I>Natural History </I>86:22 (1977) entitled "The Return of Hopeful Monsters,"
Stephen J. Gould, leading spokesman for evolutionists in the U.S. today, said
that</FONT></P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>"The fossil record with its abrupt transitions offers no support
for gradual change…. "</BLOCKQUOTE>
<BLOCKQUOTE>"All paleontologists know that the fossil record contains precious
little in the way of intermediate forms; transitions between major groups are
characteristically abrupt."</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>From an article
published in Paleobiology, Vol. 3 (1977) by S.J. Gould and Niles Eldredge we
find the following on p. 147:</FONT></P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>"At the higher level of evolutionary transition between basic
morphological designs, gradualism has always been in trouble, though it
remains the 'official' position of most Western evolutionists. Smooth
intermediates between Baupläne are almost impossible to construct, even in
thought experiments; there is certainly no evidence for them in the fossil
record (curious mosaics like Archaeopteryx do not count)." In his review of
Steven Stanley's book <I>Macroevolution </I>by D.S. Woodruff (Science 208:716
(1980)), Woodruff says (I believe he is quoting Stanley):</BLOCKQUOTE>
<BLOCKQUOTE>"But fossil species remain unchanged throughout most of their
history and the record fails to contain a single example of a significant
transition."</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>The clatter has
become so loud that even the popular press has picked it up. <I>Newsweek </I>in
an article entitled "Is Man a Subtle Accident?" published Nov. 3, 1980,
stated</FONT></P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>"The missing link between man and the apes, whose absence has
comforted religious fundamentalists since the days of Darwin, is merely the
most glamorous of a whole hierarchy of phantom creatures .... The more
scientists have searched for the transitional forms that lie between species,
the more they have been frustrated."</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>Some evolutionists
have come to realize that the fossil record is so bad relative to evolution
theory that they want to avoid it entirely as support for evolution. Mark
Ridley, a British evolutionist, tells us in his article published in <I>New
Scientist </I>90:832 (1981) that</FONT></P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>"No real evolutionist, whether gradualist or punctuationist, uses
the fossil record as evidence in favour of the theory of evolution as opposed
to special creation."</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>One might
immediately wonder, then, where does Ridley believe we find all the marvelous
evidence for the "fact of evolution?" Why, from the "observed evolution of
species, from biogeography, and from the hierarchical structure of taxonomy,"
Ridley tells us. He apparently disagrees with his fellow evolutionist and the
most distinguished of all French zoologists, Pierre Grasse', who states in his
book <I>Evolution of Living Organisms</I> (English translation, Academic Press,
New York, 1977, p. 4)</FONT></P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>"Naturalists must remember that the process of evolution is
revealed only through fossil forms. A knowledge of paleontology is, therefore,
a prerequisite; only paleontology can provide them with the evidence of
evolution and reveal its course or mechanisms. Neither the examination of
present beings, nor imagination, nor theories can serve as a substitute for
paleontological documents."</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>What Grasse' says
in his book is that biology offers us no help in our attempt to understand the
mechanism of evolution. He says that evolution is a mystery about which little
is, and perhaps can be, known. He says certainly mutations and natural selection
cannot possibly provide that mechanism.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>Many others in more
recent times, in view of the growing knowledge that the fossil record produces
no evidence for gradual change and that the gaps in the fossil record,
particularly at the level of the higher categories, are systematic and almost
always large, are now abandoning the neo-Darwinian theory of slow gradual
change. Gould has said that as a general principle, neo-Darwinism is dead,
although it is still textbook orthodoxy.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>In his comments on
a new mechanism for evolution postulated by Edward Wiley and Daniel Brooks,
Roger Lewin (<I>Science</I> 217:1239-1240, 1982) says</FONT></P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>"Natural selection, a central feature of neo-Darwinism, is allowed
for in Brooks and Wiley's theory, but only as a minor influence. 'It can
affect survivorship' says Brooks. 'It can weed out some of the complexity and
so slow down the information decay that results in speciation. It may have a
stabilizing effect, but it does not promote speciation. It is not a creative
force as many people have suggested."' </BLOCKQUOTE>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>Let me point out
first of all that all of this sounds familiar—it is the source that is
astounding. The view just stated is precisely what has been said by creationists
ever since Edward Blyth in 1830. Natural selection is a stabilizing force. It is
not a creative force, the driving mechanism of evolution, which has been
responsible for the conversion of one organism into another, all the way from
amoeba to man. But now, notice who is saying this—evolutionists!</FONT></P>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>Even more, they are
saying that natural selection is not only not the mechanism for evolution, it
actually retards the evolutionary process. They say. that natural selection
slows down the information decay that results in speciation. That statement is
absolutely astounding on two points.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>First of all, their
admission that natural selection not only is not the mechanism of evolution but
actually acts contrary to evolution is most revealing. Secondly, that
speciation, and thus evolution, occurs by the decay of information. Now that is
really startling! We creationists have long pressed the point that the random
processes supposedly at work in evolution cannot possibly account for the origin
of new information required for increase in complexity and the generation of new
functions and organs required by evolution. Evolutionists have, on the contrary,
insisted that this was possible.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>Now Wiley and
Brooks are claiming that all of us were wrong, both creationists and
evolutionists. Evolution, from the primordial single-celled organisms to the
millions of present-day organisms, including man with his 30 trillion cells of
over 200 varieties, including a three-pound human brain with twelve billion
brain cells and 120 trillion connections, is the result of the decay of
information!</FONT></P>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>Whatever anyone
might think of that theory, certainly we can all recognize that they are
rejecting Darwinism. As I have said earlier, many others are doing the same.
<I>Science Digest </I>(Sept.-Oct. 1980, p. 55) had an article entitled "Was
Darwin Wrong.?" The British Broadcasting Company produced a television program a
year or two ago entitled "Did Darwin Get It Wrong?" Stephen J. Gould, Niles
Eldredge, Steven Stanley and others have abandoned neo-Darwinism for what they
call "punctuated equilibrium." They suggest that what we see in the fossil
record is that species abruptly appear, fully-formed. They remain virtually
unchanged for the duration of their existence, up to ten million years or even
more, and they then abruptly disappear and are replaced by other species that
also abruptly appear fully formed with no evidence of transitional
forms.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>They suggest that
the evolutionary transitions occur somewhere out in an isolated area on the
periphery of the main population and that the transitions occur very rapidly in
small populations. The change is so rapid and the numbers are so small, we are
told, that there are no opportunities for fossilization of the transitional
forms.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>Let me point out,
first of all, that this notion of punctuated equilibrium is no mechanism at all.
It is simply a new scenario. They are saying that since we don't find
transitional forms, evolution could not have occurred slowly and gradually, so
obviously, then, it must have occurred rapidly. How and why evolution occurs so
rapidly, no one knows. As a matter of fact, the idea that multiplied millions of
rapid bursts of evolution have occurred is contrary to the science of modern
genetics. The genetic apparatus of a lizard, for example, is totally devoted to
producing another lizard. The idea that by some random evolutionary process the
genetic apparatus of a lizard could be rapidly reorganized to produce something
really significantly different is clearly contrary to everything we know.
Evolutionists simply have no mechanism for evolution.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>Secondly, the
notion of punctuated equilibrium doesn't solve the really serious problem
evolutionists have with the fossil record. In fact, it doesn't even address that
problem. The idea of punctuated equilibrium was invented to explain the lack of
transitional forms between species. But that is not the real problem. The really
serious problem is the absence of transitional forms between the higher
categories, that is, between families, orders, classes and phyla. The total
absence, for example, of transitional forms between invertebrates and the
fishes, a vast gulf supposedly spanning 100 million years. We have no
transitional forms between basic morphological designs, or what creationists
call the created kinds.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>Evolutionists find
themselves in a most embarrassing position today. They can find neither the
transitional forms in the fossil record that their theory demands nor can they
find a mechanism to explain how the evolutionary process supposedly occurred. I
am reminded of what Owl said in the Pogo comic strip. He said, "If we had some
ham, we could have ham and eggs for breakfast—if we had some eggs!"</FONT></P>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>Certainly we are
witnessing a changing scene in evolutionary circles today. They are finally
admitting that the fossil record shows little or no evidence for gradual change
(which is precisely what we must predict on the basis of creation). Many are now
rejecting Darwinism and are suggesting radical new theories concerning the
evolutionary process. But, almost all chorus in unison—evolution is a
fact!</FONT></P>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>Isn't that amazing!
One hundred and twenty-years after Darwin the missing links are still missing,
and that wonderful, marvelous Darwinian mechanism that was responsible for
swinging the majority of scientists over to evolution is now becoming rapidly
discredited. Yet, somehow, we are told, everyone knows that evolution is a fact!
Colin Patterson, senior paleontologist at the British Museum of Natural History,
said in a talk he gave at the American Museum of Natural History, November 5,
1981, that he now realizes that in accepting evolution he had moved from science
into faith. In a recent BBC program Dr. Patterson stated that all we really have
of the evolutionary phylogenetic tree are the tips of the branches. All else—the
filling in of the trunk and of the branches—is simply story telling of one kind
or another.</FONT></P>
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<H1 align=center><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=5>IMPACT No. 194</FONT></H1>
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<H3 align=center><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=4><B>EVOLUTION—A HOUSE DIVIDED</B></FONT></H3>
<P align=center>by Henry M. Morris, Ph.D.*</FONT></P>
<P align=center>Institute for Creation Research, PO Box 2667, El Cajon, CA
92021<BR>Voice: (619) 448-0900 FAX: (619) 448-3469</FONT></P>
<P align=center>"Vital Articles on Science/Creation" August 1989<BR>Copyright ©
1989 All Rights Reserved</FONT></P>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2></FONT> </P>
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<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2><I>"If a house be
divided against itself, that house cannot stand" </I>(Mark 3:25). Evolutionists
ardently defend their house against outsiders, but squabble vigorously with each
other inside the house. In this article we present a collage of recent quotes
from evolutionists attacking different aspects of their own basic theory. Lest
we be accused of out-of-context quoting, we emphasize that each person quoted is
a committed evolutionist, even though his remarks may make him sound like a
creationist.</FONT></P>
<P align=center><B>COSMIC EVOLUTION</B></FONT></P>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>The standard
evolutionary concept for the origin of the universe is the Big Bang theory, but
many eminent astronomers flatly reject it.</FONT></P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>Both the 'Big
Bang' model and the theoretical side of elementary particle physics rely on
numerous highly speculative assumptions.<SUP>1</SUP> But if there was no Big
Bang, how and when did the universe begin? ... (Hannes) Alfven replies: "It is
only a myth that attempts to say how the universe came into being....<SUP>
2</SUP></FONT></P></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>One argument for
the Big Bang is the "red shift," but Halton Arp and other leading astronomers
say "no."</FONT></P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>(Arp) maintains
that quasars, for example, whose large red shifts suggest they are the most
distant objects in the universe, are actually no more distant than
galaxies….<SUP>3</SUP></FONT></P></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P align=center><B>EVOLUTION OF LIFE FROM NON-LIFE</B></FONT></P>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>It is commonly
asserted that life evolved from non-living chemicals by purely naturalistic
processes. However, a leading scientist in this field says:</FONT></P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>At present all
discussions on principle theories and experiments in the field either end in
stalemate or in a confession of ignorance.... The problem is that the
principal evolutionary processes from prebiotic molecules to progenotes have
not been proven by experimentation and that the environmental conditions under
which these processes occurred are not
known.<SUP>4</SUP></FONT></P></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P align=center><B>EVOLUTION OF SPECIES</B></FONT></P>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>The standard
Darwinian and neo-Darwinian theories of evolution argue that new species are
developed by natural selection of random variations to fit changing
environments. Many evolutionists today, however, are rejecting Darwinism, even
though they still cling to evolution. One such scientist is Kenneth
Hsu.</FONT></P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>The law of
natural selection is not, I will maintain, science. It is an ideology, and a
wicked one, and it has as much interfered with our ability to perceive the
history of life with clarity as it has interfered with our ability to see one
another with tolerance.... The law of the survival of the fittest may be,
therefore, a tautology in which fitness is defined by the fact of survival,
not by independent criteria that would form the basis for
prediction.<SUP>5</SUP></FONT></P></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P align=center><B>EVOLUTION OF HUMAN LIFE</B></FONT></P>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>Much ado has been
made about the Laetoli fossil footprints in Tanzania, dated at 3.5 million years
ago, supposedly proving that the australopithecine ancestors of man walked
erect.</FONT></P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>But the first
detailed study of the gaits and footprints of modern people who walk
barefooted indicated the Laetoli prints are much like those of <I>Homo sapiens
</I>and were probably not produced by Lucy's relatives, reports Russell H.
Tuttle of the University of Chicago.<SUP>6</SUP> It should be obvious that
these footprints were made by true human beings; the only reason for rejecting
this fact is the assumed 3.5-million year age, a time long before man is
supposed to have evolved.</FONT></P></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P align=center><B>THE FOSSIL EVIDENCE</B></FONT></P>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>The fossil record
has traditionally been considered the best evidence for evolution, but the utter
absence of true transitional forms continues to be an embarrassment.</FONT></P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>If we were to expect to find ancestors to or intermediates between
higher taxa, it would be in the rocks of late Precambrian to Ordovician times,
when the bulk of the world's higher animal taxa evolved. Yet transitional
alliances are unknown or unconfirmed for any of the phyla or classes appearing
then.<SUP>7</SUP></BLOCKQUOTE>
<BLOCKQUOTE>"We conclude that ... neither of the contending theories of
evolutionary change at the species level, phyletic gradualism or punctuated
equilibrium, seem applicable to the origin of new body
plans.<SUP>8</SUP></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P align=center><B>EXTINCTION VERSUS SPECIATION</B></FONT></P>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>Evolutionists seem
unable to realize the anomaly in the slow rate of speciation versus the high
rate of species extinction.</FONT></P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>Today's rate (of extinction) can be estimated through various
analytical techniques to be a minimum of 1000, and possibly several thousand
species per year .... It normally takes tens of thousands of years for a new
terrestrial vertebrate or a new plant species to emerge fully, and even
species with rapid turnover rates, notably insects, usually require centuries,
if not millennia, to generate a new species.<SUP>9</SUP></BLOCKQUOTE>So far as
ever observed, <I>no new species </I>are now being formed. It seems that
evolution, if there is such a thing, is going in the wrong direction!
<P align=center><B>UNIFORMITARIANISM</B></FONT></P>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>Although the
history of the earth and life has long been interpreted by the uniformitarian
maxim, "the present is the key to the past," more and more geologists are
returning to catastrophism.</FONT></P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>Our science is too encumbered with uniformitarian concepts that
project the modern Earth/Life system as the primary model for interpretation
of evolution and extinction patterns in ancient ecosystems. Detailed
paleoenvironmental data tell us that the past is the key to the present, not
vice versa.<SUP>10</SUP></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>One of the key
evidences for great age is the uniformitarian interpretation of "evaporites,"
but this very term is misleading.</FONT></P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>In referring to "evaporite" … the term begs the question as it
implies desiccation. For clarity, geology needs a new term; namely
"precipitate," rock created by precipitation. Hence rocks of the evaporitic
facies could be … precipitites, deposited by precipitation from a
supersaturated solution.<SUP>11</SUP></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>Precipitation is,
of course, a much more rapid process than evaporation.</FONT></P>
<P align=center><B>SOCIAL HARMFULNESS OF EVOLUTION</B></FONT></P>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>Evolutionists
strongly complain when creationists point out the historically evil influence of
evolutionism. Many evolutionists, however, do recognize this fact.</FONT></P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>... we were victims of a cruel social ideology that assumes that
competition among individuals, classes, nations or races is the natural
condition of life, and that it is also natural for the superior to dispossess
the inferior. For the last century and more this ideology has been thought to
be a natural law of science, the mechanism of evolution which was formulated
most powerfully by Charles Darwin in 1859.... <SUP>12</SUP></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>(Robert Proctor)
shows how the major German societies of physical anthropologists collaborated
with the SS program of race hygiene, helping to make racial policy .... Eugene
Fischer, the most distinguished of German physical anthropologists, regarded by
many as the founder of human genetics, was particularly helpful in these efforts
.... But surely American physical anthropologists spoke out clearly against the
Nazi perversion of their science? They did not.<SUP>13</SUP></FONT></P>
<P align=center><B>SCIENTIFIC BIGOTRY</B></FONT></P>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>Creationists are
not the only ones who find it difficult to get a hearing from the scientific
establishment. Even evolutionists who do not conform to the majority viewpoint
in evolutionary dogma at a given time encounter this same bigotry, through the
so-called "peer review" process. One of the most distinguished modern
astronomers is Nobel prizewinner Hannes Alfven, who espouses an alternative
cosmology to the Big Bang. Here is his testimony (even Nobel laureates must
defer to the scientific establishment!).</FONT></P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>... it has given me a serious disadvantage. When I describe the
phenomena according to this formalism, most referees do not understand what I
say and turn down my papers. <SUP>14</SUP></BLOCKQUOTE>
<BLOCKQUOTE>But the argument "all knowledgeable people agree that…." (with the
tacit addition that by not agreeing you demonstrate that you are a crank) is
not a valid argument in science. If scientific issues always were decided by
Gallup polls and not by scientific arguments, science will very soon be
petrified forever.<SUP>15</SUP></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>For reasons of
space, these quotes have been somewhat abbreviated, but they do represent quite
fairly (if incompletely) the opinions of the respective authors. It is obvious
that evolutionists argue vigorously among themselves, even though they present a
solid front when arguing against creationists. Just possibly, the combination of
outside attack by creationists with the in-fighting among evolutionists will
eventually cause the collapse of the straw house of evolution itself. After all,
no one has ever seen real evolution in action, and no one knows how it works, so
its foundation is very weak. One day it will be said: " … the winds blew, and
beat upon that house; and it fell: and great was the fall of it" (Matthew
7:27).</FONT></P>
<P align=center><B>REFERENCES</B></FONT></P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
<FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>
<FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>
1. R.L Oldershaw, "The continuing Case for a Hierarchial Cosmology," <I>Astrophysics
and Space</I> (v. 92, 1983), p. 354.<BR> 2. E.J. Lerner, "The Big
Bang Never Happened," <I>Discover</I> (v. 9, June 1988), p. 78. Swedish
astronomer Alfven, who has a Nobel Prize in Physics, maintains the universe
has always been essentially the same.<BR> 3. John Horgan, "Big-Bang
Bashers," <I>Scientific American</I> (v. 257, September 1987), p.
22.<BR> 4. Dose, Prof. Dr. Klaus, "The Origin of Life; More
Questions than Answers," <I>Interdisciplinary Science Reviews </I>(v. 13, no.
4, 1988), p. 348. Dose is Director, Institute for Biochemistry, Gutenberg
University, West Germany.<BR> 5. Kenneth J. Hsu, "Is Darwinism
Science?" <I>Earthwatch</I> (March 1989), p. 17. Hsu is Earth Science Head at
the Swiss Institute of Earth Sciences.<BR> 6. Bruce Bower, "A Walk
Back through Evolution," <I>Science</I> <I>News </I>(v. 135, April 22, 1989),
p. 251.<BR> 7. J.W. Valentine and D.H. Erwin, "The Fossil Record,"
in <I>Development as an Evolutionary Process</I> (Uas, 1987), p.
84.<BR> 8. <I>Ibid</I>, p. 96. Valentine is a geologist at U.C.
Santa Barbara, Erwin at Michigan State.<BR> 9. Norman Myers,
"Extinction Rates Past and Present," <I>Bioscience</I> (v. 39, January 1989),
p. 39.<BR>10. Eric Kauffman, "The Uniformitarian Albatross," <I>Palaios</I>
(v. 2, no. 6, 1987), p. 531.<BR>11. Robert S. Dietz and Mitchell Woodhouse,
"Mediterranean Theory May Be All Wet," <I>Geotimes</I> (v. 33, May 1988), p.
4.<BR>12. Kenneth J. Hsu, <I>op cit</I>, p. 15.<BR>13. Matt Cartmill,
"Misdeeds in Anthropology," Review of <I>Bones, Bodies, Behavior: Essays</I>
<I>on Physical Anthropology</I> (Wisconsin University Press, 1988). Science
(v. 244, May 19, 1989), P. 858.<BR>14. Hannes Alfven, "Memoirs of a Dissident
Scientist," <I>American</I> <I>Scientist </I>(v. 76, May-June 1988), P.
250.<BR>15. <I>Ibid</I>, p. 251.</FONT> </FONT></P></BLOCKQUOTE>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P><FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>
<FONT face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size=2>* Dr. Morris is President
of the Institute for Creation Research.</FONT> </FONT></P></BLOCKQUOTE>
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