786 said:
Feather's are actually a "big" change. The feathers are aerodynamic, and very well-structured. Could you please explain to me how scales gradually turned into feathers?
Now your questions.
I first believed in Evolution, when I first learned about it, but as we got deeper into the issue, I came to realize that too much of the Theory is depended on "Chance". Then after I realized this, then I searched out evidence to support my claim.
I wouldn't have to explain this to you if you would read the postulates like you were instructed. I can't magically transfer knowledge into your head. If you read what I told you, (if your biology class was worth anything you would have learned it there) you could answer your own question.
One gene = one peptide. One gene = 3 identifier nucleotides. One nucleotide out of order = out of order tRNA. One tRNA out = wrong peptide bonds. Change in polypeptide bond = change in protein shape. Change in protein shape = everything.
I think I am understanding your concern. The beneficial mutations are rare. But you didn't ask enough questions.
I asked a diamond salesman how he thought it was ethical to sale at 1000% profit. He tried to impress me about just how much ground has to be moved to find any diamond. Then, when you find one, they are usually crap. So the odds of finding them do not sound good. But, I also know that there are a lot of diamonds out there. So I asked one more question. "How much dirt can you move in a day?" And, the argument was won. The amount of dirt they could move offset the low probability.
When your professor explained the low probability of beneficial mutation, you needed to ask questions that would tell you about the impact. First you should have said "OK they are rare. But, does that conflict with the Theory of Evolution?" The answer is no.
It is like a row of slot machines. If you could play a whole row of million dollar slots (for free) all day long for a hundred years, how many times would you win? Mutation is only one of those machines. When it is not winning, others are. But even the mutation machine will pay off once in a while.
If you are serious about science, you have to learn to ask more questions. You should ask questions even if some of the answers might conflict with what you believe. If you are not serious and are just trying to prove how smart you are, then it's time to cut it out before it back-backfires and it just makes you look like a smart-ass.
Scientists argue all the time. I have friends that are brilliant, accomplished scientists. And, they argue all the time. But, because they are scientists, they have to respect that they could be wrong. So they ask questions. Then, you find what new questions to ask, based on what you learn from your old questions.
You should hesitate to decide anything. You must continue to ask questions until there are no more questions worth asking. I don't think you are dumb because you are young. I think you are smart. But, because you are young, you lack experience. When you learn what questions to ask you could mature into a good scientist. But, if you are not careful, you could be one of those guys that is so impressed by how smart you are, that you don't remember to ask. Those guys are not fit for science.