I don't think Benjamin Libet's 'free-will' experiments have the implications most commentators (and Libet himself) have taken them to have regarding the allegedly unconscious causes of our actions.
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Thank you for your post, I really appreciate it!
The first problem concerns the principles of individuation of actions.
When I perform an action, there usually results some bodily movements. What action these specific movements constitute can vary according to the context and also, most typically, as a function of my intentions.
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So, if some neuroscientist were to establish that the precise motor-control events that result in my reaching for one specific box are initiated in my brain before I am consciously aware that I have chosen to pick that specific box, would that mean that my action wasn't free? That would be silly. What I did freely, deliberately and responsibly was to pick one sort of food item because doing so fulfils some of my nutrition needs and also satisfies some gustatory preferences of mine. That I used my left or right hand to pick the box, or that I picked this rather than that (identical) box may have resulted from unconscious automatisms or contingencies of the external layout of the items on the shelf. This is irrelevant to the question of the freedom of my choice (i.e. to buy Corn-Flakes) unless we hold that free actions must have all and every features of the bodily movements that accompany them, and all their unintended specificities, under deliberate control.
Which would be true for robots that function analytically - in the sense that each move of a robot needs to be programmed specifically, or the robot won't do it.
The kind of conceptual analysis that would be adequate for the moves of a robot may not be adequate for the moves of a human (and may also differ from one human to another).
For example, for a robot, "walking up the stairs" is a jungle of numbers, letters, electricity, steel and plastic. But what exactly does "walking up the stairs" mean for a human? A sequence of "flex muscle A1 - rest for 0.2 ms - flex muscle A2" etc. etc.? Does it mean something like "Move left foot 0.3m N, then move right foot 0.2m upwards, readjust balance, move right foot onto the stair" etc. etc.?
The second issue I have with the experiment concerns the alleged timing of the intention. The subjects were instructed to report (using the oscilloscope) on the time they were "first aware of the wish or urge to act". This instruction seems incoherent. When you are instructed to perform an action at some random time of your choosing, can you just sit back and wait for the decision to act to occur and then report on that occurrence? No. You wait until, maybe, you feel that waiting any longer would be silly, and then you decide to act... not just yet.... not now... OK now! This decision is something you do -- or have the illusion of doing -- but whether illusory or not, you aren't related to your own 'decision' in the manner of a passive observer. So, what is this "urge to act" you are supposed to report on? It certainly isn't an irresistible urge, like an urge to sneeze. This you could report on. Here, you are the only judge whether pressing the button is urgent or not. In fact there is no compelling reason to press it now rather than wait a few seconds longer.
Exactly. To really prove or disprove free will with that kind of experiment, they would have to time
original intentions, as they arise during the day.
This means that the person would need to be connected to the device for measuring brain waves 24/7 (and not feel in any way bothered by it, as being aware that one is measured could affect one's decision-making) and any intentions that may have anything to do with previous intentions or ideas would have to be excluded.
IOW, it appears that the way Libet set up the experiment, it would work to prove or disprove free will in beings that have
no memory, no body and do not exist in an environment.
Hence the sequence of events is suppose to proceed as follows: (1) The action is unconsciously initiated, (2) I feel "the urge to act", (3) I optionally veto the act (i.e. I repress it), (3) The action occurs (if not vetoed by consciousness). But this analysis is silly.
It seems like an analysis for robots ...