(Insert title here)
Michael said:
Just for a moment - stop and suppose there is no God.
HOW did the Torah come about?
HOW did the Bible come about?
HOW did the Qur'an come about?
Is it possible for humans to have writen such books?
Very slowly. The Torah, for instance, is a record of communal history and myth.
Likewise, remembering that the Bible is a distillation of oral histories and myths and, furthermore, considering the years of interactive interpretation, rearrangement, and reconsideration of the materials, it does not seem so rarified. Given the obsession that comes with redemptive monotheism and the overriding fear that superstition can inspire, the end product becomes even more mundane compared to what the Bible purports to represent.
We must remember, too, that the Qur'an comes from an alleged illiterate man distressed by the very issues the revelation considers, who is said to have received the words while suffering episodes that could in modern objective language be described as seizures or other neurological or psychiatric events. As the revelations historically coincide with a period of increased wealth and comfort among the Quraysh, we might consider two additional points about Muhammad in a broader context.
During the month of Ramadan in 610 CE, an Arab businessman had an experience that changed the history of the world. Every year at this time, Muhammad ibn Abdullah used to retire to a cave on the summit of Mount Hira, just outside Mecca in the Arabian Hijaz, where he prayed, fasted, and gave alms to the poor. He had long been worried by what he perceived to be a crisis in Arab society. In recent decades his tribe, the Quraysh, had become rich by trading in the surrounding countries. Mecca had become a thriving mercantile city, but in the aggressive stampede for wealth some of the old tribal values had been lost. Instead of looking after the weaker members of the tribe, as the nomadic code had prescribed, the Quraysh were now intent on making money at the expense of some of the tribe's poorer family groupings, or clans. There was also spiritual restlessness in Mecca and throughout the peninsula. Arabs knew that Judaism and Christianity, which were practised in the Byzantine and Persian empires, were more sophisticated than their own pagan traditions. Some had come to believe that the High God of their pantheon, al-Lah (whose name simply meant "the God"), was the deity worshipped by the Jews and the Christians, but he had sent the Arabs no prophet and no scripture in their own language. Indeed, the Jews and Christians whom they met often taunted the Arabs for being left out of the divine plan. Throughout Arabia one tribe fought another, in a murderous cycle of vendetta and counter-vendetta. It seemed to many of the more thoughtful people in Arabia that the Arabs were a lost people, exiled forever from the civilized world and ignored by God himself. But that changed on the night of 17 Ramadan, when Muhammad woke to find himself overpowered by a devastating presence, which squeezed him tightly until he heard the first words of a new Arab's scripture pouring from his lips.
(Armstrong, 3-4)
First, this was a time in which the people were attaining a certain luxury. While some might consider that an overstatement, Islam came about in an environment comparably more harsh and demanding than the Christian experience in Europe. One of the first basic luxuries of a society is the difference between sitting high on a rock to escape the big animal that is trying to eat you and sitting on the rock in order to stare at the stars and attempt to comprehend the scale of everything you take for granted. Even before we know how to express certain fundamental, abstract questions, we consider them. By this time, Muhammad had the luxury of retiring to a cave at Mount Hira during Ramadan; he certainly had the luxury of abstract thought.
Additionally, because of the changes the increased wealth brought, not only did the questions take on a new and mysterious context, but so did the methods of consideration changed as well. It's as simple a difference as which of your presuppositions just are, and which, when you stop to think about it for a moment, don't quite work. More time to think, more ways to think about more things.
Between the possibility of a psychiatric or neurological disorder, the pressures he perceived, and what seems to be a lack of well-defined prior method to build from, it does not seem difficult to accept that Muhammad could become a bit obsessive about his revelations. So even if we accept that the Qur'an was internally generated, it doesn't seem so far-fetched. Muhammad was essentially alone in what was for his personal and social experiences undiscovered country. Given the number of people in the history of the world, it does not seem so unusual that certain combinations of circumstance occur within the locality of a single person that they might communicate. Sometimes the difference between a poet like Byron and a prophet like Gibran is context. Muhammad's was the last great revelation so far. Perhaps someday we might say that about Joseph Smith and his magic hat. But with the greater diversity of context available in the modern era, perhaps Muhammad might be a memorable lyricist, or an infamous revolutionary college professor. Perhaps he would be a philosopher-novelist, an Arab Camus: imagine the beatnik coffehouses, "Kamal Kamu, Friday Night, with Allan Ginsberg and Margaret Atwood."
Plus, the Qur'an has had 1,300 years of people showing it devotion, transforming its meaning through the ages much as the millennia have treated the Bible.
Imagine putting either book before the extraterrestrials:
Wait, wait. There's discontinuity here at chapter two. What the hell? There's an episode of the
Mark Steel Lectures ("Sigmund Freud") with a bit depicting a mother reading her five year-old boy the Penguin Classics edition of
Oedipus Rex, and the kid is just horrified at what he's hearing. At what point, between God's repenting of a kingship over a failed genocide, the blessing of a man who offered his daughter to be gang-raped, extraterrestrial rape, or the bit about a God who arranges his own Son's murder, will the one alien look at the other explaining the story to him and say, "Are you freakin'
kidding me?"
Especially in the Christian West, people are conditioned to accept that the Bible is a monumental literary standard. Truth is that while it certainly is a testament to human creativity, it's not the literary all-that-and-a-side-of-fries we've come to accept it to be. The remarkable thing about the Qur'an, to me at least, is its focus. They are certainly exceptional events, but not, for their existence, beyond belief.
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Notes:
Armstrong, Karen. Islam: A Short History. New York: Modern Library, 2000