Aqueos ID,
My point is, how does one act religiously if this is ''religion''?
For example, in Christianity, how do the teachings of Jesus relate to this
definition?
Or, let's say I've read this and now want to become religious. What's my next move.
jan.
Well if you were a Medieval Western European you wouldn't have had a choice in the matter since you would have been indoctrinated into home prayer, rites, etc. even before the age of reason.
Then, when it comes to action, you simply respond to God's army which surrounds you, with the saints and angels as colonels and majors passing the General's orders down through chain of command within the Church, and from there, within the home.
You will be called into action so much you may even tend to be stifled in your own initiative, having become accustomed to relying on marching orders.
If you remember any of the old flicks that romanticize this - I'm thinking
Becket for example (although that may be to stodgy for your tastes) but sometimes you see these scenes where they are keeping the Hours. That would be a prime example of how religious action takes hold of the sense of self. They have appointments to keep. With God. Day in, day out, and, in the case of Hours, throughout the day. You see this in Islam. If you ever watched those folks, it demonstrates punctuality and serious reverence rolled up together. It reminds me of going to group workouts. There's a commitment, there's sacrifice and some pain, but there's also reward.
Also, the Hours was a rite that was just taking hold when the Crusades broke out. All kinds of beautiful art was engendered, maybe to cheer these folks up and give them hope that their prayers would be answered, but I would say that the art reinforced their resolve and brought solidarity that today may seem frivolous and overwrought, but for those folks, they seem to think they had one foot in Heaven.
So out of this grew musical notation, polyphony and all the imaginative audible imagery that we understand as textures and colors that sound can paint in the mind. But for them, it was new and fresh. Gregorian chant was probably no older than rock 'n roll is today.
Similarly, in painting, sculpture, metalwork, and all the builder guilds there was a swelling of artisan embellishments to their simple little thatched-roof lives. I mentioned the convents in Belgium that invented lacemaking to occupy the deserted women and girls left homeless by departing heroes.
All of these embellishments reinforced the commoners' beliefs, no differently than the rich material world around us reinforces our beliefs - yours and mine, different though they may be - because we are not comatose. We drink in every detail and assimilate it as best we can.
So you had the rise of ritual - Hours, the Mass, the Sacraments, Holy Days, all of those trappings were in a growth spurt.
You are living in this world that already had cast you as a Soldier of God, and tasked you with prayer, ritual and service. Only one small switch needs to flip in your mind and you will rise to the call of war. And the hand that flipped the switch was the Pope's. It was irresistible. Never in your life had Christ's High Priest directly reached out to you.
This was a call of action that you had been practicing all your life--to wrestle the devil like St. Michael. You step out of one mode of religious action and into another, albeit brutalizing. The transition is seamless, since you believe so devoutly that the sacred will of God pours from the Pope's mouth. (Hence the notion of papal infallibility.)
Besides, there was plenary indulgence, and the Church was adopting your family.
You asked how the teachings of Jesus came into play. Don't forget that the Bible was not widely disseminated in the 10th century, and I suspect most commoners couldn't read Latin, if they could read at all. This put an enormous burden on the fledgling diocese to preach the Bible message at Mass. That was one of the embellishments I was referring to. It was right about the 10th C. when they decided to bring the Credo into the Mass after the Readings and Homily. So you are read Jesus' message, it is explained to you what it means you must do, then you have the Credo, which expresses your pledge, and, toward the end, your pledge to the Church
So everything you knew about Jesus was delivered to you through the same mouth that later urged you to war. And you have already converged on the belief that the priest speaks nothing but divine truth, delivered personally to him by the Holy Spirit. For this reason, your religion is indistinguishable from aspects that today seem secular.
That's why I object to the idea that the motive was anything but religious. There was little left in the secular world for these people, except forbidden fruit. Remember, their religion held that sovereign powers were all created by God, and though some kings and popes had fallen to the devil, unless their own leader were known to them as corrupt, then they would have regarded them as God's right hand men, by default.
This is why it is impossible for me to accept that they aced by any motive other than religion in their repeated acts of violence - 200 years in Asia Minor, and long after that in the lands of the barbarians