Genetic Evidence for South Asian origin of dogs

I learned to be more cautious in accepting what is considered "common knowledge" - as if I'm not too overly cautious already? Many accuse me of being overly guilty of questioning established fact because if you're too overly cautious then you can get labelled as being neurotically paranoid or schizophrenic. So where and how do you find the happy medium? Good luck.

There's another view about the origins of dogs in North America but I consider it to be outdated and would rather trust the more secure genetic DNA evidence. So how do you want to classify my belief system here? You're more than welcome to believe this one if you want, but I'm more interested in progressing with the state-of-the-art knowledge in DNA sequencing with Ostrander's team and their colleagues and associates.

Navajo Cultures and Studies 1995:

"Three types of dog existed in America before the Europeans came. They were distinct from the wild dogs and wolves. They were: The Inuit dog, the Hair Indian dog, and a smaller, Terrier-like dog found in the South. The Inuit , are a Native People of the Artic land stretching from central Alaska to the northern coast of Canada and onto the island of Greenland. Their ancestors came to North America from Asia in about 3,000 B.C., many thousands of years after the first Indian people arrived on the continent. The Inuit are more closely related to Asian people than to other Native American people. The Inuit are better known by the name of "Eskimo" a mispronunciation of an Algonquian word meaning "eaters of raw meat." They prefer to the term "Inuit," which means "people" in their language. The Inuit had to travel long distances over the ice. They used sleds pulled by dogs. For thousands of years, the Inuit bred and trained dogs (later called huskies) that were perfect for this work. Their dogs had four inches of fur that kept them warm even in blizzards. They were very strong. Working in teams of seven to eight dogs they could pull a sled loaded with as much as 800 pounds of cargo. The Inuit dogs also helped with the hunt, using their well-developed sense of smell, they could track polar bears. When the dogs found a bear, a hunter released their harnesses and let the dogs run toward his prey. With the polar bear distracted by their biting and barking, a hunter could sneak up on the huge animal and kill it with a knife before it had a chance to attack. Inuit hunters often dressed their dogs in small sealskin boots to protect thier paws from sharp ice crystals.The Hair Indian dog was the Northern Native American peoples only domesticated, hooghang animal in pre-Columbian times, and was used extensively for hauling, up until the beginning of the nineteenth century when it disappeared completely. This dog was also used for cermonial purposes, expecially in the sacred Heyoka Ceremony of the Lakota People. The Coast Salish Native American people bred special small woolly dogs. Each spring, they would shave the dogs' hair, spin it into yarn, and use it to weave warm woolly blankets.

The small Terrier-like dog from the South was used exclusively for food and has since disappeared. "When the Great Spirit created our people and the four-legged's, he caused a great chasm to open between them. The dog, seeing the widening crack, ran forward and leapt over to join the human beings, leaving the rest of the four-legged's on the other side." This legend is only one of many myths which seek to explain the special relationship that exists between the human beings and its canine friends, members of the four-legged beings." Source: "The History of the Domestic Dog." http://www.desertanimalcompanions.org/ruff/history_domestic_dog.pdf.



If you come across something more credible and scientific than what I have been devoting my life to and have learned so far, as I have posted above in my previous posts on this thread, I will certainly take it into consideration, and perhaps my views and opinion will change. But for now, and for the sake of academic progress, to build on the shoulders of others that have come before me, I'll believe what is at the forefront of the research in this field.
 
Last edited:
This is from the paper by Vila, Caries et al., see URL in post #5. I too would like to see some peer review of this. Extraordinary claims require extraordinary proof.
The coyote and wolf have a sequence divergence of 0.075 +/- 0.002 (17) and diverged about one million years ago, as estimated from the fossil record (18). Consequently, because the sequence divergence between the most different genotypes in clade I (the most diverse group of dog sequences) is no more than 0.010, this implies that dogs could have originated as much as 135,000 years ago (19). Although such estimates may be inflated by unobserved multiple substitutions at hypervariable sites (20), the sequence divergence within clade I clearly implies an origin more ancient than the 14,000 years before the present suggested by the archaeological record (21).
This is not the first paper referred to on SciForums that suggests a radical adjustment in our theories of the relationship between humans and animals. On another thread (doubtless in this same forum but I'm not going to track it down right this minute) a researcher pointed out that the animals depicted in one of the most famous sets of cave paintings were not well established as hunting prey in the region, but rather were species which invariably are among the first to be domesticated, such as horses. Also the settings of the portraits gave the impression more of a farmer bragging about the size of his flock than of a hunter bragging about his prowess. This would push the invention of the technology of animal husbandry back about 20,000 years, long before the invention of the technology of plant cultivation (the earliest yet discovered are figs, ca. 9500BCE). It would imply that humans had been "farming" animals during the Mesolithic Era, when we were still nomadic hunter-gatherers leaving no archeological evidence of permanent settlements.

Such "pastoral nomads" are well known during recorded history. The most beloved example is perhaps the storybook-perfect Saami ("Lapps") who until the 20th century lived purely nomadic lives with their domesticated reindeer. But nomadic sheep, yak, horse and camel herdsmen also punctuate the history of civilization. Surely the observations, experiments, discoveries, teaching and reasoning that led to the first successful captive breeding of animals were qualitatively different from those that led to the first successful harvesting of a planted crop. We assume that agriculture came before animal husbandry only because the archeological evidence tells us so, not, to my knowledge, for any other reason.

If humans had domesticated animals for meat and for carrying a much larger quantity of stuff on their endless journeys, it would have made a huge difference in their quality of life. I'd think this would send a shock wave through the halls of anthropology.

One thing that would make this much more believable would be to have dogs already domesticated. To this day dogs are virtually indispensable to many herdsmen. To a Mesolithic hunter trying to corral and tame wild stock for the first time and then herd it across a landscape devoid of fences but teeming with predators... it's hard to imagine pulling it off without Man's Best Friend.

These two factoids seem to go hand in hand. I really hope some specialist in this field is reading this and will help us judge its veracity.
 
Last edited:
I'm not a specialist in the field. But maybe I can help with my access to most journals. One of the more recent reviews on Dog evolution stems from the completion of the dog genome.

Genome Research 15:1706-1716, 2005
The canine genome
Elaine A. Ostrander and Robert K. Wayne

Of course, it may be obvious to the sharp observer that the autors are the same of the web reference and this review paper.

But maybe this paper can shed new light on why they are thinking this older origin is plausible and what it means.

However, extensive genetic analyses of the dog and other wolf-like canids clearly show that the dog is derived from gray wolves only, rather than jackals, coyotes, or Ethiopian wolves (Fig. 1C; Wayne et al. 1987a,b; Vila et al. 1997, 2005; Leonard et al. 2002; Savolainen et al. 2002). Consequently, the immense phenotypic diversity in the dog owes its origin to primarily the standing genetic variation existing in the ancestral population of gray wolves and any subsequent mutations that occurred during the brief history of domestication. At least for structural genes, such mutations are expected to be few since their mutation rate is so low, on the order of 10-5 mutations per gene per generation (Hartl and Clark 1997).

Phylogenetic analysis of dog and gray wolf mitochondrial sequences clearly show that dog sequences are found in at least four distinct clades, implying a single origination event and at least three other origination or interbreeding events. The latter are difficult to distinguish once the first domestication had occurred, although extensive marker analysis of the nuclear genome might be able to discriminate the two alternatives. A striking finding of the mtDNA analysis is that one sequence clade (clade I, Fig. 1C) contains the majority of dog sequences and that the nucleotide diversity of this clade is high, implying an origin of the clade from 40 to 135 thousand years ago (Vila et al. 1997; Savolainen et al. 2002). This date exceeds the 15,000-yr-old archeological record of dogs and suggests that dogs may have had a long prehistory when they were not phenotypically distinct from wolf progenitors. These early dogs may not have been recognized as domesticated by study of the archeological record before 15,000 yr ago because of their physical similarity to gray wolves. The initial change to the diagnostic phenotype of domestic dogs beginning about 15,000 yr ago may have instead indicated a change in the selection pressures associated with the transition from hunter gatherer to more sedentary lifestyles (Wayne et al. 2006).

Conceivably, a more recent date can be made consistent with the archeological record if it is assumed that dogs were founded from multiple matralines in clade one (Savolainen et al. 2002). To determine whether such a diverse founding is likely, analysis of nuclear genes sequence data is needed (e.g., Parker et al. 2004). In fact, recent analysis of major histocompatability (MHC) genes in dogs and wolves suggest that the origin of dogs involved several populations and hundreds of individuals (Vila et al. 2005). Consequently, the model emerging from mitochondrial DNA, MHC analysis, and microsatellite loci is that the dogs had a diverse origin in East Asia that likely involved multiple contributions from several populations, and thereafter, there may have been other origins of domestication and backcrossing (Vila et al. 1997, 2005; Leonard et al. 2002; Savolainen et al. 2002; Parker et al. 2004). A multiple and diverse origin model describes domestication in other domestic animals such as cattle, sheep, and goats (Bruford et al. 2003). Furthermore, once domesticated, dogs rapidly spread around the earth and as a result, genetically divergent populations and breeds are found in Africa, Asia, the Arctic, Australia, the Middle East, and historically, the New World (Leonard et al. 2002; Parker et al. 2004; Savolainen et al. 2004).


The following paper is quoted a lot in the above review:
Science 22 November 2002:
Vol. 298. no. 5598, pp. 1610 - 1613

Genetic Evidence for an East Asian Origin of Domestic Dogs

Peter Savolainen, Ya-ping Zhang, Jing Luo, Joakim Lundeberg, Thomas Leitner
abstract:
The origin of the domestic dog from wolves has been established, but the number of founding events, as well as where and when these occurred, is not known. To address these questions, we examined the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence variation among 654 domestic dogs representing all major dog populations worldwide. Although our data indicate several maternal origins from wolf, >95% of all sequences belonged to three phylogenetic groups universally represented at similar frequencies, suggesting a common origin from a single gene pool for all dog populations. A larger genetic variation in East Asia than in other regions and the pattern of phylogeographic variation suggest an East Asian origin for the domestic dog, ~15,000 years ago.

here we revert back to the 15,000 year figure. Let's see what they say further on in the paper.
Interpretation of the archaeological record is problematic because of the difficulty in discriminating between small wolves and domestic dogs (4, 5); however, the earliest finds believed to be from domestic dogs are a single jaw from 14,000 years before the present (yr B.P.) in Germany (5, 6) and an assemblage of small canids from 12,000 yr B.P. in Israel (7, 8). This indicates an origin from Southwest Asia, where the first farm animals are believed to have originated (9), or Europe.

Therefore, we conclude that the domestic dog population originates from at least five female wolf lines.

Moreover, there was no clear division of the main morphologic types of dog (spitz, mastiff, greyhound) or of large and small breeds among the three main clades, except for a lack of greyhounds in clade C (table S1). This suggests that the extreme morphologic variation among dog breeds is not the result of geographically distinct domestications of wolf.

The time of origin for the dog clades can be estimated from the mean genetic distance in each clade to the original wolf haplotype, and the mutation rate. The substitution rate was estimated at 7.1% (SD = 0.4%) per million years for the analyzed 582-bp region, from the mean genetic distance between the dog and wolf haplotypes and the coyote types in the tree (Fig. 1) (14), and the assumption of a divergence time between wolves and coyotes of 1 million years, on the basis of the fossil record (17).

The approximate age of clade A, assuming a single origin from wolf and a subsequent population expansion, is calculated from the mean pairwise distance between East Asian sequences (3.39 substitutions, SD = 0.13) and the mutation rate to 41,000 ± 4,000 years. If, instead, we assume several origins, we identify three reasonably defined subclusters that could be used to estimate the age of clade A (Fig. 2A); the mean genetic distances to their nodes (0.45, 0.65, and 1.07 substitutions with SD = 0.13, 0.09, 0.27, respectively) give estimates of 11,000 ± 4,000, 16,000 ± 3,000, and 26,000 ± 8,000 years, respectively. Assuming single wolf haplotypes as founders of clades B and C, the mean distances among East Asian sequences to the nodes (0.54 and 0.71 substitutions, SD = 0.08 and 0.10) give estimated ages of 13,000 ± 3,000 and 17,000 ± 3,000 years for clades B and C, respectively.

Thus, our mtDNA data suggest a first origin of domestic dogs either ~40,000 years ago, forming only clade A, or ~15,000 years ago

An origin of 40,000 years ago for clade A would therefore imply a long isolation in East Asia of dogs before they spread to the rest of the world.

In conclusion, the archaeological record cannot define the number of geographical origins or their locations, but suggests the date at 9,000 to 14,000 yr B.P., while our mtDNA data indicate a single origin of domestic dogs in East Asia ~15,000 or 40,000 yr B.P. We conclude that a synthesis of available data points to an origin of the domestic dog in East Asia ~15,000 yr B.P. In this event, clade A would have had several origins from wolf haplotypes, and the first domestication of wolves would not have been an isolated event, but rather a common practice in the human population in question.

problem resolved? not quite. But maybe these snippets will give you some idea of what is going on`?

The 135,000 year figure stems from an older paper published in science.
Science 13 June 1997:
Vol. 276. no. 5319, pp. 1687 - 1689

Multiple and Ancient Origins of the Domestic Dog

Carles Vilà, Peter Savolainen, Jesús E. Maldonado, Isabel R. Amorim, John E. Rice, Rodney L. Honeycutt, Keith A. Crandall, Joakim Lundeberg, Robert K. Wayne
Once again you might notice that the same set of authors is participating in this research. this is not unusual. A small topic is often dominated by a closeknit group of people. I myself worked once on a topic on which basically only two groups in the world regularly published. Hence you will see the same names all the time.

As for the 135,000 figure:
The coyote and wolf have a sequence divergence of 0.075 ± 0.002 (17) and diverged about one million years ago, as estimated from the fossil record (18). Consequently, because the sequence divergence between the most different genotypes in clade I (the most diverse group of dog sequences) is no more than 0.010, this implies that dogs could have originated as much as 135,000 years ago (19).

The 135,000 years is therefore an estimate based on a guestimate on standard sequence divergence in the canine group. This isn't necessarily accurate. Hence the later paper came up with a number of 40,000.

The authors in this paper explain the 135,000 years as following:
Although such estimates may be inflated by unobserved multiple substitutions at hypervariable sites (20), the sequence divergence within clade I clearly implies an origin more ancient than the 14,000 years before the present suggested by the archaeological record (21). Nevertheless, bones of wolves have been found in association with those of hominids from as early as the middle Pleistocene, up to 400,000 years ago (1, 22). The ancient dates for domestication based on the control region sequences cannot be explained by the retention of ancestral wolf lineages, because clade I is exclusively monophyletic with respect to dog sequences and thus the separation between dogs and wolves has been long enough for coalescence to have occurred. To explain the discrepancy in dates, we hypothesize that early domestic dogs may not have been morphologically distinct from their wild relatives. Conceivably, the change around 10,000 to 15,000 years ago from nomadic hunter-gatherer societies to more sedentary agricultural population centers may have imposed new selective regimes on dogs that resulted in marked phenotypic divergence from wild wolves (23).
 
Last edited:
The following parallels Spurious's post - again corresponding with Elaine Ostrander's team and her ongoing research.

Dogs were domesticated sometime at least 15,000-100,000 years ago and we know this from countless archaeological findings, cave paintings and many independent genetic analyses studies. 135,000 years ago for their origin is certainly within the scope of what we know. Through genetic analysis we know that ancient dogs underwent a severe bottleneck ~27,000 years ago. Most dog breeds today are only about 300 years old and this is also confirmed by genetic analysis. Another severe bottleneck occurred about 300 years ago. These bottlenecks and intense selective inbreeding are why we have so many breed-specific inherited health problems today.

The following phylogenetic tree is the best we have up-to-date and was produced by Ostrander's team and published in Nature in December 2005:

nature04338-f10.2.jpg


You have to study this Canidae phylum tree with the following information. It is an evolutionary tree with a high degree of statistical genetic support, and uniquely resolves the topology of the dog’s closest relatives. As you can see, the grey wolf and dog are most closely related [blue clade], followed by a close affiliation with the coyote, golden jackal and Ethiopian wolf. Closest to this group are the dhole and African wild dog. Therefore, this molecular tree supports an African origin for wolf-like canids, as the two African jackals are the most basal [ancient] members of this clade. The two other large groupings of canids are (1) the South American canids [green clade], which are clearly rooted by the maned wolf and bush dog; and (2) the red fox-like canids [red clade], which are rooted by the fennec fox, Blanford’s fox, raccoon dog and the bat-eared fox. Together, these three clades contain 93% of all living canids. As you can see, the fox lineage at the top is the most primitive and suggests a North American origin of the fox canid clade about 10 million years ago. However, the canid clade that gave rise to the dog lineage came out of Africa and gave rise to the African jackals, Ethiopian wolf, African wild dog, and the Grey wolf. You can see the divergence between the Grey wolf and the jackal 3-4 mya, then the coyote diverged off about a million years ago and finally the Grey wolf and dog lineage split sometime after this.

What's most interesting to me about this is that the African clade lineage that eventually gave rise to the dog is consistent with the "Out-of-Africa" migration routes of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens. Homo erectus used tools and handaxes and were hunter-gatherers. I see no reason why they would not have domesticated an ancestral wolf 1-2 million years ago to help them with the hunt.

My own breed is a Norwegian Elkhound, a Spitz breed dog, that is genetically related to a Romanian subspecies of the grey wolf. Ostrander states that the Shar-Pei split first. However, in her charts the Shiba Inu and Chow Chow are clustered at the top as the most ancestral dog breeds, and although they are much smaller - only because they were just bred that way over a couple hundred generations or so - they are also of the Spitz family, as are Alaskan Malamutes, Huskies, Samoyed, Keeshond, and Shiba Inu. However, I have also heard that they are reconstructions of the ancient "primitive" Pariah Dog of India but I cannot find any genetic analyses on this. Here again, though, this would be a Mid-Eastern origin of the domestic dog.

This is an ongoing area of research with much more to come in the near future. The entire genome of the Boxer has been sequenced. Once all dog breed genomes have been sequenced, we can accurately determine which breed branched off from what other breed and determine its approximate divergence from one of the five or so ancestral wolves in Eurasia.

Source: "Genome Sequence, Comparative Analysis and Haplotype Structure of the Domestic Dog," Elaine Ostrander's team et al., Nature, 438, pp. 803-819, 8 December 2005. http://www.csit.fsu.edu/~beerli/bsc5932/spring-2006/dog_genome.pdf.
 
Last edited:
The undisputable fact is that dogs have been domesticated for at least 100,000 years.
I dispute it.
Therefore your statement is invalid.
Therefore your entire argument is called into question.

You then go on to tell us what a great person researcher Elaine something or other is.
That is the logical fallacy called 'appeal to authority'.

You are (and appear determined to remain) a pretentious prat. Your arrogant attitude and insipid lying bring science into disrepute (since you claim to be a multiply degreed scientist). My New Year Resolution is to hound, pester and stalk you into oblivion. Why don't you save us both a great deal of grief by ***ing off now.
 
Dogs evolved from ancestral wolves at least 135,000 years ago but most breeds today have a much more recent origin. Dogs probably first became domesticated to feed themselves around human waste dumps. So in a sense, they partially tamed themselves. Those that adjusted to eating near the presence of humans were able to make full use of the waste food resources and reproduce, while those more fearful of humans could not.

Archaelogical evidence from Eliseevichi in Central Russion Plain, interpreted to be the remains of a human dwelling, date the oldest complete domestic dog cranium to be 17,340 +/-170 BP. “Both cranium are those of adult dogs. They resemble Siberian Husky skulls in shape, but are larger, with broad, flat frontals….Because Ice Age dogs were the same size as wolves, smaller size cannot be used as evidence of domestication. Size reduction under domestication is of course well documented for dogs.” Source: “The Earliest Ice Age Dog.” by Sablin, Mikhail V. and Gennady A. Khlopachev. Current Anthropology, Vol. 43, No. 5, pp. 795-798, Dec. 2002.

In Ostrander’s 2004 landmark study, 14 of the 85 breeds examined were similar to the wolf and form a cluster considered to be the earliest domestic dogs. Diversity accumulates through DNA mutations over time, and 15,000 years is not enough time to account for the many mutations seen within the diversity of the dog genome since they evolved from the Grey Wolf. In 1996, Okumura et al. found that the four major distinct dog clades share a common ancestry between 76,000-121,000 years ago. Wayne and Moldonado (1999) found that within Clade I, including 18 of the 26 dog haplotypes, “the time required to attain such diversity was estimated to be about 135,000 years. This estimate is based on an analysis of 1,030 bp [base pairs] of control region in a subset of dog and gray wolf samples.” In 2005, Wayne and Ostrander teamed up and further confirmed that Clade I has origins between “40,000-135,000 years ago….The dog has a diverse genetic origin that likely involved multiple gray wolf populations and subsequently was enriched by backcrossing with wolves throughout their history.” As an alternative view, Raisor (2004) hypothesizes that "dogs diverged naturally from wolves 100,000 years ago as a result of the natural course of evolution, not human intervention, and had already evolved into a dog prior to being domesticated by humans 14,000-15,000 years ago."

According to Ostrander’s analyses:
“The [phylogenetic] tree was rooted using wolf samples. The deepest split in the tree separated four Asian spitz-breeds, and within the branch the Shar-Pei split first, followed by the Shiba Inu, with the Akita and the Chow Chow grouping together. The second split separated the Basenji, an ancient African breed. The third split separated two Arctic spitz-type breeds, the Alaskan Malamute and Siberian Husky, and the fourth split separated two Middle Eastern sight hounds, the Afghan and Saluki, from the remaining breeds….[these breeds] with ancient Asian and African origins splits off from the rest of the breeds and shows shared patterns of allele frequencies. At first glance, it is surprising that a single genetic cluster includes breeds from Central Africa (Basenji), the Middle East (Saluki and Afghan), Tibet (Tibetan Terrier and Lhasa Apso), China (Chow Chow, Pekingese, Shar Pei and Shi Tzu), Japan (Akita and Shiba Inu), and the Arctic (Alaskan Malamute, Siberian Husky and Samoyed). However, several researchers have hypothesized that early pariah dogs originated in Asia and migrated with nomadic human groups both south to Africa and north to the Arctic, with subsequent migrations occurring throughout Asia. This cluster includes Nordic breeds that phenotypically resemble the wolf, such as the Alaskan Malamute and Siberian Husky, and shows the closest genetic relationship to the wolf, which is the direct ancestor of domestic dogs.” Source: “Genetic Structure of the Domestic Dog.” By Ostrander, Elaine, et al., Science. Vol. 304, pp. 1160-1164, 21 May 2004.

An important aspect of the above research is that only 85 breeds were used. There are 152 breeds recognized by the AKC and about 450 breeds known world-wide. Spitz breeds missing from the study include the following dogs from Europe, Asia and also North America:
- Canaan Dog of Israel
- Finnish Spitz
- Karelian Bear Dog
- Lapland Spitz or Lapphund
- Norwegian Buhund
- Norwegian Lundehund
- Russian Laikas
- Swedish Jamthund
- Inuit Dog
- Eskimo Dog
- Greenland Eskimo Dog
also not included were the ancient "primitive" Pariah or village dogs of India and Southeast Asia.

Moldonado, J.E., C. Vila and R.K. Wayne. 1999. “Phylogenetic Relationships, Evolution and Genetic Diversity of the Domestic Dog.” in Origin and Evolution of the Domestic Dog. The American Genetic Association 90:71-77. http://www.ifm.liu.se/biology/kurser/nbib20/Vila99_dogs.pdf

Okumura et al. 1996. “Intra- and Interbreed Genetic Variations of Mitochondrial DNA Major Non-Coding Regions in Japanese Native Dog Breeds (Canis familiaris). Animal Genetics 27:397-405.

Ostrander, Elaine A. and Robert K. Wayne. 2005. “The Canine Genome.”
15:1706-1716.

Raisor, Michelle Jeanette. 2004. "Determining the antiquity of dog origins: canine domestication as a model for the consilience between molecular genetics and archaeology." Dissertation. http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/1214
 
Last edited:
“Archaeological evidence of dog remains show the characteristic morphological differences from wolves from at least 17,000 years ago, while wolf remains have been found in association with hominid remains that are at least 400,000 years old. The molecular genetic data suggest that the domestic lineage separated from modern wolves around 150,000 years ago (Vilà et al, 1997). [Current] research indicates that domestication had already begun to occur as early as 100,000 years ago. Roman dog mosaic showing hunting, possibly from the floor of a Roman villa in England (British Museum). Dog burials at the Mesolithic cemetery of Svaerdborg in Denmark indicate that in ancient Europe dogs were valued companions [the Mesolithic is the Middle Stone Age period between the Paleolithic and Neolithic].” http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia
 
Back
Top