Roman said:
Energy–
Cost & Cooperation–
–
Getting out of orbit–
Energy:
This is the root of the problem. Economies are defined by the energy they use. Money and energy are almost interchangeable. A society that has cheap energy is correspondingly richer (in the material sense at least).
Fusion is the obvious contender in this regard. Where are some of the best sources of fusion fuel? Yep, up there, not down here.
Cost and Cooperation:
The cost doesn't matter once you have cheap fuel. I am not arguing against international cooperation - it would be a good thing. It just isn't necessary.
Technology
I am not sure why you see this as a problem. Could you explain.
Getting out of orbit
The first thing is to get
into orbit, and to do it cheaply. First the costs are lowered by having cheap fusion energy. Second, we need to build a skyhook or beanstalk, or perhaps several. This will be technically feasible this century: some argue it it technically feasible today.
Forget the moon. Very low on resources (apart from He3 mining which we will need for the cheap fusion). Useful for radio astronomy on the far side, shielded from the Earth's huge output.
Mars and the asteroids should be our target. Vast material resources in the asteroids. They make convenient habitats if you hollow them out. (The irons, not the earths, which are pretty poorly cohesive) The delta V between going to Mars and going to the moon is minor and with that cheap fusion power, is quite irrelevant. Mars is replete with resources (and much prettier than the moon) and a better target by far.