China's Emergence As A Global Superpower

[Billy T]

Mod reading who can, please delete this post. (graph would not print)

 

[kmguru]

I think, I posted this somewhere at SF...here it is again....think about it....

View attachment 6648

 

[kmguru]

When the US helped China? You this is bullshit.

It is like US people helped China....I too was there in 1983 teaching them Industrial Ecosystems....that our people refused...

 

[Billy T]

China to build High Speed rail, but wants to get mainly paid in rice and rubber. *

Paying in kind makes sense for Thailand. It is the world's top rubber producer as well as the largest rice exporter. "Thailand is pleased to pay part of the cost in the form of agricultural products," said Yingluck. In this case, China gets some cash — at least enough to cover the hard costs of building the high-speed railroads — but also locks in supply of some key soft commodities. China needs rubber and rice to feed its huge population and create thousands of high-paying jobs. The Chinese railroad industry gets to score some profits, too. As in most cases, whenever you cut a deal with the shrewd Chinese, they get the better end.

$30 billion is a lot of money, but only a drop in the bucket compared to what China spends on its own railroads. The Chinese State Council budgeted $112 billion for railroad expansion just in 2013. For the five years through 2015, the Chinese government set a goal of investing US$540 billion in railways.

* After US's inept October, it is understandable why China dose not want payment in dollars.

 

[Billy T]

Finally others now see what I predict in posts more than four years ago! (note the section of text I made red.)

The Chinese central bank imported 131 gross tons of gold in the month of August. This is a 146% increase compared to a year prior — the second highest gold importing month in Chinese history. China has imported 2,116 tons of gold in the past two years. This in addition to the gold the Middle Kingdom has produced domestically.

{And that does not include the "smuggled in gold." For many more details see link: http://www.sciforums.com/showthread.php?136309-Tapering-the-Taper&p=3123137&viewfull=1#post3123137 This blue is a Billy T insert}

The People's Bank of China is aggressively seeking to make the RMB the only large gold-backed reserve currency in the world. It's working. The RMB rose a record amount against the dollar last Monday.

Furthermore, the U.K. recently allowed investors to buy Chinese shares with offshore RMB. This will boost the international scope of the currency. They are talking about expanding the use of the RMB in the United States as well.

But China likes, and always does, make changes in incremental steps, to evaluate results. I.e. Only their bonds, not their currency, will initially be "gold backed" and then only for the IMF and central banks, as I predictd 4+ years ago as China wants to pay for imports with printed paper, as US has done for three or more decades.

 

[Billy T]

Why Trade with US is of little import to China:

Li's proposal to upgrade the China-ASEAN FTA, which he raised during the meeting earlier this month, was "universally welcomed" by ASEAN members, according to Gao. Both sides agreed to a goal of bilateral trade reaching $500 billion by 2015, $1 trillion by 2020 and two-way investment of $150 billion within the next eight years.

China is the largest trade partner of ASEAN, while the bloc is China's third-largest trade partner. Bilateral trade hit $400.1 billion last year. In the first nine months of this year, two-way trade rose 11.6 percent to $322.36 billion. China is the fourth-largest investor in ASEAN, which in turn is China's third-largest source of foreign direct investment. ...

"I believe that the ASEAN-China relationship will continue to grow, and the goals set by the leaders are achievable.," he said.

US Exports to China then ... US Import from China in Billions of dollars value.
110.4836 ... 425.5789 TOTAL 2012 US trade deficit = 315.0953
073.0986 ... 280.7780 TOTAL 2013 US trade deficit = 207.6794 for first 8 months.*

Note the first nine months of China's 2013 trade with ASEAN was $322.36B and is growing at 11.6% per year. If last 3 months of China's trade with ASEAN only is at same rate as first nine (not accelerating on the 11.6% annual rate) that 2013 trade would be: 429.813 billion.

Continuing US Chinese trade of first 8 months (073.0986 + 280.7780 = 353.8766) of 2013 at the same rate (neglecting that it is rapidly falling from 2012 level, not increasing by 11.6% as China / ASEAN trade is) for 12 month is: 530.8149 but if one does correct for fact China's exports to US fell from $4425.5789B in 2012 to only $280.7780B in 2013 or dropped to 66% of what they were a year earlier, it is clear that ASEAN buying of Chinese exports is already more important to China than the US buying is and is very rapidly growing.

China is shifting its export focus to those who don't need loans to buy with. China / ASEAN trade is approximately in balance as China imports raw materials and low value added components from ASEAN and sell them high value added items like computers, cars, cell phones, TVs, etc.

*Original data from here: http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/c5700.html was in millions of dollars but changed to Billions to make comparison to ASEAN easier. (Why four decimal places given here.)

 

[Billy T]

China STILL has world's fastest computer, more calculations by nearly a factor of 2 than second best at Oak Ridge. See: http://www.sciforums.com/showthread...eed-computer&p=3133600&viewfull=1#post3133600

 

[Billy T]

China's Chang'e-3 probe entered a circular lunar orbit at 5:53 pm Friday Beijing Time, after about 112 hours on a Earth-Moon transfer orbit, the Beijing Aerospace Control Center (BACC) said. The probe entered the lunar orbit after 361 seconds of precise braking by the variable thrust engine, following orders by engineers with BACC.

The center later verified that Chang'e-3 had entered the 100 km-high lunar circular orbit. The braking was important otherwise Chang'e-3 would have escapes from the Moon, or crashed into it, said BACC. It should soft-land on the Moon in the middle of December.

And back on Earth rapid progress too. China already is #1 in natural gas vehicles with more than 10 times what US has. US is in 17th place globally, even Brazil has many times more.

The company, which operates about 70 percent of China's natural gas pipelines, invested about 300 billion yuan ($49 billion) from 2010 to 2013 in pipeline construction. The nation's natural gas pipeline network totals about 55,000 kilometers. But Zhou said it still lags those of developed countries.

Renewable energy will account for half of the increase in global electricity generation by 2035, with wind and solar power to account for 45 percent of the increase among renewables, said the report. China will be the biggest country in terms of renewable generation by 2035, producing more electricity through those methods than the European Union, the United States and Japan combined.

"China is working hard to raise its renewable energy use among the total mix, aiming to improve the country's air quality and cut emissions," said Gu Jun, deputy director of the international division of the National Energy Administration.

 

[Billy T]

Moon Touchdown:

China landed an unmanned rover on the moon, making the Asian nation the third country after the U.S. and the Soviet Union to successfully touch down a spacecraft on the lunar surface.

The Long March 3B rocket, which took off from the Xichang satellite launch center in southwest China on Dec. 2, landed at 9 p.m. local time yesterday, the Xinhua News Agency said. The achievement comes 47 years after the Soviet Union performed a soft landing of its Luna 9 spacecraft on the moon.

China’s launch is part of the Asian nation’s growing space exploration ambitions, an effort which has seen the country spend billions of dollars, even as other nations cut back. For its next step, China wants to land a lunar rover and return it to Earth in 2017, according to Xinhua. The probe, called Chang’e-3 in Chinese, carried a rover dubbed Jade Rabbit that will survey the moon’s geology and natural resources. China conducted its first manned docking mission in June 2012 and is aiming to put a person on the moon by 2020, as well as operate a permanent manned space station.

By edit next day: All going very well:

The Jade Rabbit rover emerged from the Chang’e-3 yesterday and the two began taking photos hours after China became the first country since 1976, and the third ever, to land a spacecraft on the moon. Chinese state television distributed photographs taken from the Chang’e-3 that showed the rover, its two solar panels extended, after it rolled down two metal tracks onto the lunar surface.

I had trouble getting the link, so pretended I wanted to Email article to myself. Link given is what Bloomberg told me they would Email to me.

 

[Billy T]

"Jade rabbit" now operational on the moon.
Note tracks in the moon dust of this photo - Jade Rabbit turned around to show its front side!
Photo credits to: Chang'e -3, the lunar lander and for photo below taken a few minutes earlier:

This is "back side"of Jade rabbit.
Photo is not as clear as first as is photo of compute screen in Beijing Aerospace Control Center, Beijing China.

 

[ElectricFetus]

It should be noted that Chang'e 3 is not a case of technological borrowing, it has many technological features never before used in space. For example Chang'e 3 had an autonomous landing system which via imaging or radar (not clear how exactly) could detect if it was going to land on an incline or rocks and navigate its landing on to a spot that was flat and with no rocks. NASA has talked about using such an autonomous landing system with hazardous avoidance for some time but has never implemented, not even for the Curiosity rover that landed last year, which landing only on a hope and prayer that it did not land on a rock.

 

[Billy T]

It should be noted that Chang'e 3 is not a case of technological borrowing, it has many technological features never before used in space. For example Chang'e 3 had an autonomous landing system which via imaging or radar (not clear how exactly) could detect if it was going to land on an incline or rocks and navigate its landing on to a spot that was flat and with no rocks. NASA has talked about using such an autonomous landing system with hazardous avoidance for some time but has never implemented, not even for the Curiosity rover that landed last year, which landing only on a hope and prayer that it did not land on a rock.

Thanks. I did not know that. Many Americans still have the obsolete image of China as one who can only copy and make cheaper rip-off other other's developments. A view not compatible with modern China which graduates about 7 times more well educated engineers than the US does each year.

China is one of the world's leaders in biology. Bill Gate's foundation working on public health in Africa, buys its vaccines from China. Not because they are cheaper, which they are, but because they are more effective, especially against new pathological agents. China developed the best vaccine against Asian bird flu a few years back in only 5 weeks, not the year doing that typically takes in the US.

 

[Billy T]

China plans to raise the retirement age for the first time since the 1950s, as policy makers confront the prospect of a shrinking workforce that damps economic growth.

China’s compulsory retirement ages, now 50 for most women and 60 for men, are likely in 2020 to be about five years higher than they are now, according to economists surveyed by Bloomberg News. Delaying retirement may be a more effective tool in alleviating labor shortages and driving growth than the easing of the one-child policy announced last month

In both US and soon China people are retiring later. In US as many can not afford to retire - the "work til die" group and try to keep your job. In China, with earlier by law requirements required, the CCP needs more workers to cope with serious labor shortages and the associated double digit annual increase in salaries.

Nanjing’s five-star hotels haven’t bothered to put up Christmas trees, lights, bells, white-bearded Santas, and thus we can hardly feel the Christmas spirit.”
Who is the Grinch responsible for this diminishment in Chinese holiday cheer? Why, it’s none other than President Xi Jinping, extending his ongoing anti-corruption and anti-extravagance campaigns.

The two are closely related -- nothing tempts an honest bureaucrat into corruption quite like extravagance -- but it’s the latter that is having a particularly hurtful impact on holiday merrymaking. As early as February, in fact, Chinese and foreign news media were reporting that the crackdown had begun to devastate hotels, restaurants and luxury retailers dependent on lavish spending by bureaucrats (with access to public coffers) and the interested parties who like to wine, dine and bribe them.

 

[Billy T]

Still in doubt as to whom the future belongs? Hint: not US at the bottom of this list.
According to 2012 Program for International Student Assessment, of OECD countries Overall ranking from the top in math scores are:
1.Shanghai (China)
2. Singapore
3.HongKong
4. Taiwan
5. South Korea
12.Finland
26. UK
36. USA

The OECD Programme for International Student Assessment, PISA, has become the world’s premier yardstick for evaluating the quality, equity and efficiency of school systems.
Content
• The PISA 2012 survey focused on mathematics, with reading, science and problem-solving minor areas of assessment. For the first time, PISA 2012 also included an assessment of the financial literacy of young people.
Participating countries and economies
• All 34 OECD member countries and 31 partner countries and economies participated in PISA 2012, representing more than 80% of the world economy.
Participating students
• Around 510 000 students between the ages of 15 years 3 months and 16 years 2 months completed the assessment in 2012, representing about 28 million 15-year-olds in the schools of the 65 participating countries and economies.
The assessment
• Paper-based tests were used, with assessments lasting two hours. In a range of countries and economies, an additional 40 minutes were devoted to the computer-based assessment of mathematics, reading and problem solving. Test items were a mixture of questions requiring students to construct their own responses and multiple‑choice items. The items were organised in groups based on a passage setting out a real‑life situation. A total of about 390 minutes of test items were covered, with different students taking different combinations of test items

Nice to know that so much of the US Treasury's bonds are in such intelligent Asian hands and how rapidly US gold is moving to Asia.

BTW, CNN, at least the internationalal edition I watch in Brazil, had a program on Shanghai's educational system - basically noting it was the best, not only in China, but in the world. It quoted one young student, speaking in English saying: "I know that if I work hard, my teacher will help me learn more."

 

[ElectricFetus]

I think you need to look where all the scientist & engineers are going and living at not where they are made.

 

[Nihilism]

China is a country of cloners; their reproductive strategy is to clone the cultures of non-Chinese and use the cloned artifacts to facilitate their reproductive success. They never evolved the ability to create their own culture.

Nature is filled with examples of species that have evolved very unique reproductive strategies.

 

[Billy T]

I think you need to look where all the scientist & engineers are going and living at not where they are made.

I agree and have, Perhaps you should too. Here is a little help to up date you (First quote is only 30 days old, as 5 years ago your ideas were valid):

Captions were: "HI-TECH START-UPS: China is attracting global talent, and has the market to drive development." & "Hi-tech and R & D campuses are sprouting up in India, and attracting top US talent"

Talent will go where the opportunities are. Traditional US-focused Eurocentric institutions like Davos are still slow to admit in public that Asia has begun to drive R & D markets in many fields that were previous dominated almost exclusively by American and Europe. The main reason for this trend eastward, is that over the last three decades, the west has given away its manufacturing base in exchange for short-term bottom line shareholder profits.

Reversing the migration of skills and production to Asia will be neither easy, nor without considerable socio-economic pain. To reverse that trend, the west could try to implode its economy and devalue its currency, and import more cheap labour from south of its border – but even if a program of shock therapy is implemended, there is no guarantee it would net results anytime soon…

Countries that are attractive to returning intelligentsia will naturally develop migration policies to attract foreign academics and professionals. This would also require these countries to develop an environment which will provide rewarding opportunities for those who have attained the knowledge and skills from overseas.[3]

Holding on to the best and the brightest which make up this fundamental basis for maintaining a leading science and tech economy is not possible without steady growth in funding and investment in research institutions. If you lose the edge in research, then it’s only a question of time before the corporate investment which funds the next stage - commercial research and development, begins to migrate off shore too. In the past, many of the immigrants from developing countries chose to work and live permanently in developed countries; however, the recent economic growth that has been occurring back in their home countries - and the difficulty of attaining long-term work visas - has caused many of the immigrants to return home.[4]

Politicians remain out to lunch on this issue, ignoring the reality that highly skilled foreign postgraduate earners not only dominate the high tech start-up sector, creating over half a million jobs in the high tech sector alone, but have also delivered the likes of Sun Microsystems, eBay and Google - just a few entrepreneur success stories who were founded, or co-founded by these highly educated, and highly skilled immigrants. India’s booming technology hub is centered around the region of Bangalore, and it’s now attracting talented top recruits, not only from India - but also from the US. Many believe that the real revolutionary innovations and upwardly mobile opportunities will be found in markets like India, and China – and not in the US.

The US government spending crisis has caused http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_brain_drainpain for research and innovation in America. Already this year, billions of dollars in federal cuts due to sequestration has affected federal grants for scientific research. Cuts are not only consigned to federal budgets. According to a report by the National Science Foundation, States have also cut funds for public research universities by 20 percent, in constant dollars, between 2002 and 2010. If money is cut back, that means researchers are laid off, programs are frozen, and labs are closed. As a result, talent will begin to look abroad for better opportunities…

American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB), indicators for a ‘brain drain’ from the US are already starting to manifest throughout higher education. * “As a survey that we put together over the summer shows, one in five American scientists are considering leaving the country for better funding opportunities outside our borders,” he said.

What has assisted China in the flow of return migration is through central government policies. These policies are changes in the domestic environment, the freedom to immigrate and emigrate freely, political stability, and changes in how the government uses people.[11] In addition, the local government was involved in the enhancement of return migration by cities rewarding the returnees with large bonuses from their home unit.[12] There are also other reasons which encouraged the migration back to the home country, which were higher social status in China, better carrier opportunities in China, and patriotism.[13]

In addition, competition among universities, research laboratories and enterprises has given the returning intellectual elites excellent incentives. For example, in the new life science school at Beijing’s Tsinghua University, they were able to recruit many Chinese scientists who were previously in more developed countries like the United States due to China’s booming economy, large government investment in research, and the chance to build a science program from the ground up.[14] Besides the government policies and economic reasons for returning to China, certain family factors influenced the decision to return, some of the reasons where parental views about returning, concerns for children, and the attitude of one’s spouse about returning.[15]

The problem of a reverse brain drain is exacerbated by anxiety in developed countries. This is of particular concern in the United States of America, where not enough undergraduate students are seeking advanced degrees at the doctorate level. This leads to several consequences. Initially, it increases the widespread replacement of native-born with foreign born professionals and academics in the areas of greatest intellectual and economic interest to the developed country.[31] This is a problem since foreign-born professional and academics from developing countries, such as China or India, are increasingly motivated to return to their home countries due to rapid economic growth, increasing living standards, and increasing opportunities in their home country. The reverse migration of the foreign-born professionals and academics leaves developed countries with a lack of intellectual capital. This may lead to economic drawbacks in developed countries and diminishing opportunities for native-born professionals. Statistics show that more than 52% of Silicon Valley’s startups during the recent tech boom were started by foreign-born entrepreneurs. In addition, the "foreign-national researchers have contributed to more than 25% of our global patents… foreign-born workers comprise almost a quarter of all the U.S. science and engineering workforce and 47% of science and engineering workers who have PhDs."[31] Furthermore, 54% of engineering doctorates went to foreign students, who returned to their home country after graduation, which disheartens the executives of research and development in the developed countries.[32]

Recently there is a different type of reverse brain drain developing. This form of reverse brain drain differs from the way it is commonly viewed. It is explained by Salman Khurshid, the Minister of State for Corporate and Minority Affairs in India. He states that "Many second-generation Indians are coming back to the country.[9] Therefore, reverse brain drain is no longer limited to the commonly perceived migration from a developed to a developing country by a first generation individual. Many of the world’s top multinational companies are beginning to send their top Indian minds to head their companies in India

* Few realize how advanced China is in biology, especially vaccine development. They made the world's most effective bird flu vaccine in less than 40 days. A task that in the US would take nearly a year. Bill Gate's large health organization buys it vaccines from China, not because they are cheaper, which they are, but because they are better, and available months sooner to fight new strains of pathogens.

The rapidly growing trend is for Chinese to come to the best US universities (They are highly qualified applicants as hve graduted form some of the best high schools in the world, and make up a disproportionate part of the US university student body) and then return to live and work in China. Many will get new labs and a million yuan! - part bonus and part to buy what ever equipment they want. I.e. once they get their Ph. D. from best universities, they cut the stings tying them to the US:

If above is not enough, see:

 

[Billy T]

I think you need to look where all the scientist & engineers are going and living at not where they are made.

I agree and have, Perhaps you should too. Here is a little help to up date you (First quote is only 30 days old, others less than a year as 5 years ago your ideas were valid):

Captions were: "HI-TECH START-UPS: China is attracting global talent, and has the market to drive development." &
"Hi-tech and R & D campuses are sprouting up in India, and attracting top US talent"

Talent will go where the opportunities are. Traditional US-focused Eurocentric institutions like Davos are still slow to admit in public that Asia has begun to drive R & D markets in many fields that were previous dominated almost exclusively by American and Europe. The main reason for this trend eastward, is that over the last three decades, the west has given away its manufacturing base in exchange for short-term bottom line shareholder profits.

Reversing the migration of skills and production to Asia will be neither easy, nor without considerable socio-economic pain. To reverse that trend, the west could try to implode its economy and devalue its currency, and import more cheap labour from south of its border – but even if a program of shock therapy is implemended, there is no guarantee it would net results anytime soon…

Countries that are attractive to returning intelligentsia will naturally develop migration policies to attract foreign academics and professionals. This would also require these countries to develop an environment which will provide rewarding opportunities for those who have attained the knowledge and skills from overseas.[3]

Holding on to the best and the brightest which make up this fundamental basis for maintaining a leading science and tech economy is not possible without steady growth in funding and investment in research institutions. If you lose the edge in research, then it’s only a question of time before the corporate investment which funds the next stage - commercial research and development, begins to migrate off shore too. In the past, many of the immigrants from developing countries chose to work and live permanently in developed countries; however, the recent economic growth that has been occurring back in their home countries - and the difficulty of attaining long-term work visas - has caused many of the immigrants to return home.[4]

Politicians remain out to lunch on this issue, ignoring the reality that highly skilled foreign postgraduate earners not only dominate the high tech start-up sector, creating over half a million jobs in the high tech sector alone, but have also delivered the likes of Sun Microsystems, eBay and Google - just a few entrepreneur success stories who were founded, or co-founded by these highly educated, and highly skilled immigrants. India’s booming technology hub is centered around the region of Bangalore, and it’s now attracting talented top recruits, not only from India - but also from the US. Many believe that the real revolutionary innovations and upwardly mobile opportunities will be found in markets like India, and China – and not in the US.

The US government spending crisis has caused http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_brain_drainpain for research and innovation in America. Already this year, billions of dollars in federal cuts due to sequestration has affected federal grants for scientific research. Cuts are not only consigned to federal budgets. According to a report by the National Science Foundation, States have also cut funds for public research universities by 20 percent, in constant dollars, between 2002 and 2010. If money is cut back, that means researchers are laid off, programs are frozen, and labs are closed. As a result, talent will begin to look abroad for better opportunities…

American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB), indicators for a ‘brain drain’ from the US are already starting to manifest throughout higher education. * “As a survey that we put together over the summer shows, one in five American scientists are considering leaving the country for better funding opportunities outside our borders,” he said.

What has assisted China in the flow of return migration is through central government policies. These policies are changes in the domestic environment, the freedom to immigrate and emigrate freely, political stability, and changes in how the government uses people.[11] In addition, the local government was involved in the enhancement of return migration by cities rewarding the returnees with large bonuses from their home unit.[12] There are also other reasons which encouraged the migration back to the home country, which were higher social status in China, better carrier opportunities in China, and patriotism.[13]

In addition, competition among universities, research laboratories and enterprises has given the returning intellectual elites excellent incentives. For example, in the new life science school at Beijing’s Tsinghua University, they were able to recruit many Chinese scientists who were previously in more developed countries like the United States due to China’s booming economy, large government investment in research, and the chance to build a science program from the ground up.[14] Besides the government policies and economic reasons for returning to China, certain family factors influenced the decision to return, some of the reasons where parental views about returning, concerns for children, and the attitude of one’s spouse about returning.[15]

The problem of a reverse brain drain is exacerbated by anxiety in developed countries. This is of particular concern in the United States of America, where not enough undergraduate students are seeking advanced degrees at the doctorate level. This leads to several consequences. Initially, it increases the widespread replacement of native-born with foreign born professionals and academics in the areas of greatest intellectual and economic interest to the developed country.[31] This is a problem since foreign-born professional and academics from developing countries, such as China or India, are increasingly motivated to return to their home countries due to rapid economic growth, increasing living standards, and increasing opportunities in their home country. The reverse migration of the foreign-born professionals and academics leaves developed countries with a lack of intellectual capital. This may lead to economic drawbacks in developed countries and diminishing opportunities for native-born professionals. Statistics show that more than 52% of Silicon Valley’s startups during the recent tech boom were started by foreign-born entrepreneurs. In addition, the "foreign-national researchers have contributed to more than 25% of our global patents… foreign-born workers comprise almost a quarter of all the U.S. science and engineering workforce and 47% of science and engineering workers who have PhDs."[31] Furthermore, 54% of engineering doctorates went to foreign students, who returned to their home country after graduation, which disheartens the executives of research and development in the developed countries.[32]

Recently there is a different type of reverse brain drain developing. This form of reverse brain drain differs from the way it is commonly viewed. It is explained by Salman Khurshid, the Minister of State for Corporate and Minority Affairs in India. He states that "Many second-generation Indians are coming back to the country.[9] Therefore, reverse brain drain is no longer limited to the commonly perceived migration from a developed to a developing country by a first generation individual. Many of the world’s top multinational companies are beginning to send their top Indian minds to head their companies in India

* Few realize how advanced China is in biology, especially vaccine development. They made the world's most effective bird flu vaccine in less than 40 days. A task that in the US would take nearly a year. Bill Gate's large health organization buys it vaccines from China, not because they are cheaper, which they are, but because they are better, and available months sooner to fight new strains of pathogens.

The rapidly growing trend is for Chinese to come to the best US universities (They are highly qualified applicants. As these children of the elite have graduated from some of the best high schools in the world, and make up a disproportionate part of the US university student body) and then return to live and work in China. Many will get new labs and a million yuan! - part bonus and part to buy what ever equipment they want. I.e. once they get their Ph. D. from best universities, they cut the stings tying them to the US:

I can't post this clever illustration, showing graduates with diplomas as kites, cutting their strings to US.> To see it, go tohttp://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013-10/30/content_17067821.htm

If above is not enough, Google "brain circulation" (that will keep your search from being flooded with now false ideas about the "brain drain.") Or see:

U.S.-educated engineers are transforming developmental opportunities for formerly peripheral regions as they build professional and business connections to their home countries. In a process more akin to “brain circulation” than “brain drain,” these engineers and entrepreneurs, aided by the lowered transaction costs associated with digitization, are transferring technical and institutional know-how between distant regional economies faster and more flexibly than most large corporations. This article examines how Chinese- and Indian-born engineers are accelerating the development of the information technology industries in their home countries—initially by tapping the low-cost skill in their home countries, and over time by contributing to highly localized processes of entrepreneurial experimentation and upgrading, while maintain close ties to the technology and markets in Silicon Valley. However, these successful models also raise several questions about the broader relevance of brain circulation outside of several key countries, and regions of those countries, within the global South.

I.e. The "brain drain" has become the "Brain Circulation." When US no longer makes high tech items, the engineers (and now the designers) migrate to where they are made but often spend a few years at some of the very best US universities, before going home.

 

[Billy T]

China's major step forward to the "Chinese Dream."

The just-concluded Third Plenary Session of the 18th Communist Party of China Central Committee and its decision on major reforms have outlined the blueprint for China's future development. Overseas experts believe that the plenum and its detailed document on "major issues concerning comprehensively deepening reforms" are of great significance both to China and the whole world....

Yukon Huang, senior researcher with Washington-based think tank Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, said in a commentary piece on Financial Times ... "Fiscal reforms and reduced dependence on banks will improve transparency and promote accountability. Rolling back the power of state enterprises and streamlining government procedures will restrain opportunities for rent seeking. Promotion of a services-oriented economy will reduce dependence on energy-intensive industries and help mitigate environmental degradation," the commentary read.
He concluded that all this will give substance to the "Chinese Dream."

The key concerns of the plenum are: breaking state monopolies, reforming land rights and intervening less in the market to release more vigor in the economy, said Alexei Maslov, head of School of Oriental Studies at State University - Higher School of Economics in Russia.

Joe Foudy at the Stern School of Business of New York University sees three challenges in China's reforms:
how to overcome those vested interests, how to sequence these reforms and what the speed is going to be?

Chheang Vannarith, lecturer of Asia Pacific Studies at the University of Leeds, applauded China's decision to open up the banking sector by allowing qualified private capital to set up small- and medium-sized banks. He said that small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are the foundation of the economy, and financing is one of the key issues facing them. "China needs also to assist the SMEs to be part of the national and international production network driven by Chinese multinational corporations," he said.

Former U.S. National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski said "it's a very encouraging turn of event, which emphasizes China's constructive leading role in the far east but also international affairs generally."

 

[Billy T]

And already the world's ice festival champs for last decade or so. See this year's (2014) Harbin ice celebration at: http://www.sciforums.com/showthread...amp-comments&p=3150620&viewfull=1#post3150620