More on Field, but Ever Onto the Answer to the Beginning
Before the universe began there was no universe as now. Immediately afterward there was the initial supply of medium to be propagated by particles. How can one get from the former to the latter while: (1) not involving an infinite rate of change, and (2) maintaining conservation?
The only form that can accommodate the change from more-or-less nothing to something much in a smooth transition without an infinite rate of change is the oscillatory form of equation, below.
U0·[1 - Cos(2π·f·t)]
The only way that such an oscillation can be in existence without violating conservation is for there simultaneously to be into existence a second oscillation, the negative of first equation, as follows.
-U0·[1-Cos(2π·f·t)]
That is, the two simultaneous oscillations must have been such as to yield a net of not anything, the prior starting point, when taken together.
The Oscillatory Medium Flow ≡ Electric charge and field
The initial medium supply of each particle, each being a direct ‘descendant’ of the original oscillation at the universe’s beginning, must be oscillatory in form per the two equations. Therefore the radially outward flow from each particle is likewise an oscillatory medium flow of the form of equations.
The flow is radially outward from the particle, therefore, the oscillation of the medium supply of each particle is a spherical oscillation. The particle can also be termed a center-of-oscillation, which term will also be used here.
The amplitude, U0, of the [1-Cosine] form oscillation is the amplitude of the flow emitted from the source particle, which flow corresponds to the electric field. Thus the oscillation amplitude must be the charge magnitude of the source particle—the fundamental electric charge, q, in the case of the fundamental particles, the electron and the proton. Then, the conservation-maintaining distinction of amplitude +U0 versus amplitude -U0 must be the positive / negative charge distinction.
The frequency, f, of the [1-Cosine] form oscillation must then correspond to the energy and mass of the source particle, that is the energy of the oscillation is E = h·f and the mass is m = E/c^2 = h·f / c^2.
While it does not pertain to the universe's beginning, because the outward medium flow from each particle must deplete the source particle’s remaining supply of medium for further propagation, the amplitude magnitude, U0, must exponentially decay. That is, it must be of the form of the equation: ⎢U(t)⎢ = U0 · ε^-t/τ
Medium Emission and Medium Flow
When a charge is at rest, medium is emitted by it and flows outward in the same manner in all directions, but, when the charge is in motion at constant velocity, v, the flow forward is emitted at speed [c-v] and rearward at [c+v] per above. There can be only one frequency, f, in the [1-Cosine(2π·f·t)] form oscillation of the emitted flow regardless of whether it is directed forward, rearward or sideward. Therefore, to obtain the slower speed, [c - v], emitted forward the wavelength forward, λfwd, must be shorter so that the speed at which the flow is emitted, = f·λfwd , will be slower. The case is analogous rearward where λrwd is longer in order for the speed, [c+v], to be greater.
In all directions from the moving charge, including any that are partially sideward plus partially forward or rearward, the speed of emission and the wavelength emitted will be the resultant of the sideward plus forward or rearward components of a ray in that direction.
The absolute rate of flow outward of the emitted medium must be at speed c. Forward that comes about because the forward speed of the charge, v, adds to the forward speed at which the medium is emitted, [c-v], resulting in the medium flowing at the speed of the sum, speed = v+[c-v] = c.
That speed increase raises the [1 - Cosine(2π·f·t)] form oscillation frequency (per the Doppler Effect). Thus forward medium flow speed is c = ffwd·λfwd . Analogously rearward the speed of medium flow is at c = frwd·λrwd.
In all directions from the moving charge, including any that are partially sideward plus partially forward or rearward, the speed of flow will be c and the frequency and wavelength of the flow will be the resultant of the sideward plus forward or rearward components of a ray in that direction.
Magnetic Field
A charge at rest exhibits the electrostatic effect but not the magnetic effect. That charge has a spherically uniform pattern of [1 - Cosine(2π·f·t)] form oscillatory medium emission and flow outward.
A charge in motion exhibits the magnetic effect in addition to the electrostatic effect. That charge has a pattern of emission and outward flow of medium that is cylindrically symmetrical about the direction of motion but that varies in wavelength and frequency from ffwd·λfwd forward to frwd·λrwd rearward.
The electrostatic [Coulomb’s Law] effect is due to charge location. The magnetic [Ampere’s Law] effect is due to charge motion. Clearly, then, the electrostatic effect is due to the spherically uniform medium flow from the charge and the magnetic effect is due to the change in shape of that medium flow pattern caused by the charge's motion.
Electro-Magnetic Field
There is a continuous emission of medium in [1-Cosine(2π·f·t)] oscillatory form from each charge, which medium flows outward, away, forever. Constant velocity motion of a charge produces a change in the frequency and wavelength of that medium flow.
Changes in the velocity of the charge cause corresponding further changes in the medium's oscillatory form as successive increments of medium are emitted and flow outward from the charge. Earlier increments so changed propagate on outward away from the charge, forever, at c. The stream of outward flowing medium carries a history of the motions of the source charge.
Propagating electromagnetic field is the carrying of both of those field aspects as an imprint on the otherwise uniform medium flow from the charged particle, an imprint analogous to the modulation of a carrier wave in radio communications.
Electro-magnetic field is caused by acceleration / deceleration of charge, that is by changes in the charge velocity.
Therefore:
The changing electric and magnetic fields of electro-magnetic field actually are form changes imprinted onto the outgoing medium flow and carried passively with it [analogous to modulation of a carrier wave in radio communications].
Because all medium flow is spherically outward in all directions from its source charge, changes in it, caused by changes in the source velocity, propagate outward in all directions. Those medium flow changes are the changing electric and changing magnetic fields of electro-magnetic field.
It is not the speed of light which is the fundamental constant, c, light being a mere modulatory imprint on medium flow. It is the speed of medium flow which is the fundamental constant, c.
Gravitational Field
As pointed out earlier above, the frequency, f, of the [1 - Cosine] form oscillation corresponds to the mass of the source particle. Therefore the frequency aspect of the radially outward medium flow is the ‘gravitational field.’