Why is gun control so difficult in the US?

Straw buyers who wouldn't be found out any sooner than they are now? After a crime has been committed.
So?
It seems people already don't fear the ten years in jail and $250,000 fine.
Because they seldom get caught, and cannot be reliably traced, under current slipshod law and enforcement.
Larger than the current felony, ten years in jail, and $250,000 fine?
Deterrence is not from severity, but certainty. New law can make it more certain.
A national gun registry will never fly.
Yes, it will. With you or without you - you guys are missing your last chance to guide and govern this thing. And the 2nd Amendment is silent on that matter.

Personally, I'd prefer a national gun owner registry (with grades of weapons qualified for beyond minimum militia, etc) - so there would be no automatic trace of a weapon unless by warrant and probable cause etc. But if the better informed and experienced don't step in here, the new laws are going to written by people who simply despise all guns and their owners.

The current situation is insane, and it's going to be changed - your choice to participate or not.

Wouldn't it be more sensible to classify weapons and restrict weapons owners by RPM capability, rather than endless complications of design and category, for example? But once they get the bit between their teeth people are going to ban anything that sounds bad.
 
Why do you think your government is at risk of confiscating your weapons.
Because so many people close to government and advising government and lobbying government want it to, and because governments in general are always prone to disarming the peasantry (hence the 2nd Amendment, formulated by experienced and wary ex-subjects of a Monarchy with such behaviors in its track record).
 
Nice speech.

You still didn't answer the question though.

Why do you think your government is at risk of confiscating your weapons.
I don't currently. But if Democrats ever gain enough power, that could change.
And you should also read up on Australia and the buyback schemes were (and are) voluntary. It allowed gun owners to be compensated after the firearms they owned were classified as illegal. Those who wished to keep their guns (say for hunting, use on farms, sport shooting, etc) were required to register their firearms, which also entailed extensive background checks.

And no, Australia did not have roving Government agents or law enforcement going door to door confiscating firearms that were 'registered'.
And that's the difference between Australians and Americans. Australians never had an armed conflict and are generally uncomfortable with guns. But that difference doesn't keep the left from claiming the exact same thing would work just as well here. And the only way it could is forced confiscation.
Right, because the guy was crazy and should never had access to an AR15 to begin with. Moreover the straw buyer should also be charged with complicity in the crime. A register would show the original buyer.
You're never going to get a national gun registry.
So the SS registry is the first step to take SS away from people? An motorvehicle registry is the first step in taking your car away from you?
I should rather think that a registry would give you the right to own a legally sold gun.
The motor vehicle registration is a condition of driving on public roads. Would gun registration be a condition of nation-wide concealed/open carry reciprocity?
Driving is a privilege. Guns are a right.
And arming everyone with AR15s would prevent crime? We have proof that it doesn't.
More legally owned guns doesn't equate to more crime. So what proof?
Because they seldom get caught, and cannot be reliably traced, under current slipshod law and enforcement.
So the government, who some people think should be the only ones with guns, are to blame?
Deterrence is not from severity, but certainty. New law can make it more certain.
Oh right, you're the mind-reader. So you would know what sales where not made in good faith.
Yes, it will. With you or without you - you guys are missing your last chance to guide and govern this thing. And the 2nd Amendment is silent on that matter.

Personally, I'd prefer a national gun owner registry (with grades of weapons qualified for beyond minimum militia, etc) - so there would be no automatic trace of a weapon unless by warrant and probable cause etc. But if the better informed and experienced don't step in here, the new laws are going to written by people who simply despise all guns and their owners.

The current situation is insane, and it's going to be changed - your choice to participate or not.

Wouldn't it be more sensible to classify weapons and restrict weapons owners by RPM capability, rather than endless complications of design and category, for example? But once they get the bit between their teeth people are going to ban anything that sounds bad.
I see no evidence any federal gun registry is on the horizon. And your plea sounds like a concern-troll attempt to get gun owners on the side of gun control.
California has already been trying to ban "features", but I live in a free state.
 
Because so many people close to government and advising government and lobbying government want it to, and because governments in general are always prone to disarming the peasantry (hence the 2nd Amendment, formulated by experienced and wary ex-subjects of a Monarchy with such behaviors in its track record).
I see.

Which monarchy disarmed the population by taking away their firearms? Which monarch did it?

You know, for your founders to draw upon when they wrote the 2nd Amendment.

I don't currently.
So, why did you say it?

But if Democrats ever gain enough power, that could change.
You mean if somehow or other the Democrats were able to win all houses of Government across the US in one fell swoop?

How likely do you think that is, exactly?

And that's the difference between Australians and Americans. Australians never had an armed conflict and are generally uncomfortable with guns.
Uncomfortable? No.

We just came to realise that we are safer without every Tom, Dick and Harry walking into a gunstore and buying semi-automatics whenever they feel like it. We learned that the hard way, 36 people died (and many others before them) in the process. It's not about discomfort or being uncomfortable. It's about realising that we don't actually need them and that we are much safer without them. There is also the fact that we aren't paranoid that the government is about to become tyrannical or that we are at risk of take over from a tyrannical group, just as we don't believe the army or defence force is about to turn their weapons on us and we need guns to protect ourselves from them.

I'll put it this way, there is a whole generation here, who are growing up and reaching adulthood, and who have never been privy to a mass shooting within our shores. Can you young children and young adults say the same?

But that difference doesn't keep the left from claiming the exact same thing would work just as well here. And the only way it could is forced confiscation.
Well no. Our gun laws could never apply in the US. One of the main differences is that you are all paranoid about your own elected officials. We aren't.

We may not like them, we may even hate them, we may want to flip them the bird occasionally, we may vote them out in large numbers and create political upheaval every once in a while with massive swings in various elections. But one thing we aren't is paranoid that they are going to become tyrannical and that we need some semi-automatics 'just in case'...
 
More legally owned guns doesn't equate to more crime. So what proof?
And more legally owned guns doesn't equate to less crime. So?
It does equate to more people getting shot, however. Including classrooms full of schoolchildren. So there's an issue here. How long are your fellow citizens going to tolerate mass shootings of schoolchildren, and when they hit their limit what are they going to do?
Which monarchy disarmed the population by taking away their firearms? Which monarch did it?
You know, for your founders to draw upon when they wrote the 2nd Amendment.
Now that's funny.
You do know who settled the US, pioneered beyond the commercial outposts, and ended up in wholesale revolt against the Crown, right? The Scotch-Irish, primarily. Should be familiar to an Australian. Google is your friend. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans
Or if you prefer books: https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/159210.How_the_Scots_Invented_the_Modern_World
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1471875.Westering_Man

I wonder if there has ever been a monarchy, or any totalitarian government, that failed to disarm its peasantry - and if so, how long they lasted. It's kind of a no-brainer, for the average despot.
There is also the fact that we aren't paranoid that the government is about to become tyrannical or that we are at risk of take over from a tyrannical group, just as we don't believe the army or defence force is about to turn their weapons on us and we need guns to protect ourselves from them.
So far, so good. We wish you all the luck in the world, down the road.
 
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I see.

Which monarchy disarmed the population by taking away their firearms? Which monarch did it?

You know, for your founders to draw upon when they wrote the 2nd Amendment.
Hahaha!

This Article reviews the British gun control program that precipitated the American Revolution: the 1774 import ban on firearms and gunpowder; the 1774-75 confiscations of firearms and gunpowder; and the use of violence to effectuate the confiscations. It was these events that changed a situation of political tension into a shooting war. Each of these British abuses provides insights into the scope of the modern Second Amendment.
...
Governor Gage directed the Redcoats to begin general, warrantless searches for arms and ammunition. According to the Boston Gazette, of all General Gage's offenses, "what most irritated the People" was "seizing their Arms and Ammunition."
...
Two days after Lord Dartmouth dispatched his disarmament recommendation, King George III and his ministers blocked importation of arms and ammunition to America. Read literally, the order merely required a permit to export arms or ammunition from Great Britain to America. In practice, no permits were granted.
http://www.davekopel.org/2A/LawRev/american-revolution-against-british-gun-control.html
So Parliament and King George III.
No permits being granted sounds an awful lot like "may issue" states, where concealed carry permits are not "must issue" to any legally eligible person, but the stipulations for "may issue" amount to very few, costly permits being issued. And carry permits are what allow people to take loaded guns off their own property. Like the militia that amassed in revolt.
So, why did you say it?
I didn't. I said, "in any confiscation scheme." That doesn't mean there's one currently afoot.
You mean if somehow or other the Democrats were able to win all houses of Government across the US in one fell swoop?

How likely do you think that is, exactly?
As I already told you, it wouldn't likely be "in one fell swoop". It would be incrementally.
I don't think it's likely because we're never getting a national registry.

Rtc.gif

Uncomfortable? No.

We just came to realise that we are safer without every Tom, Dick and Harry walking into a gunstore and buying semi-automatics whenever they feel like it. We learned that the hard way, 36 people died (and many others before them) in the process. It's not about discomfort or being uncomfortable. It's about realising that we don't actually need them and that we are much safer without them. There is also the fact that we aren't paranoid that the government is about to become tyrannical or that we are at risk of take over from a tyrannical group, just as we don't believe the army or defence force is about to turn their weapons on us and we need guns to protect ourselves from them.

I'll put it this way, there is a whole generation here, who are growing up and reaching adulthood, and who have never been privy to a mass shooting within our shores. Can you young children and young adults say the same?
Oh, you're an Aussie. Your country has never fought an armed conflict at home, and never had an attempted forcible disarming. It's great that you trust your police to protect you, even though the Australian and US murder rates have decreased by the same amount over the same period of time, with one decreasing firearms while the other increased them. Both reflecting a world-wide trend. https://theconversation.com/three-charts-on-australias-declining-homicide-rates-79654
Your feelings on what is safer is an indication of your comfort level.
Screen+Shot+2013-08-29+at++Thursday,+August+29,+7.32+PM+1.png
Screen+Shot+2013-08-29+at++Thursday,+August+29,+7.32+PM.png

There's more reasons for self-defense than the government.
Well no. Our gun laws could never apply in the US. One of the main differences is that you are all paranoid about your own elected officials. We aren't.
Or just criminals.
We may not like them, we may even hate them, we may want to flip them the bird occasionally, we may vote them out in large numbers and create political upheaval every once in a while with massive swings in various elections. But one thing we aren't is paranoid that they are going to become tyrannical and that we need some semi-automatics 'just in case'...
Who is making that argument here? Not me.
And more legally owned guns doesn't equate to less crime. So?
It does equate to more people getting shot, however. Including classrooms full of schoolchildren. So there's an issue here. How long are your fellow citizens going to tolerate mass shootings of schoolchildren, and when they hit their limit what are they going to do?
More Guns, Less Crime is a book by John Lott that says violent crime rates go down when states pass "shall issue" concealed carry laws. He presents the results of his statistical analysis of crime data for every county in the United States during 29 years from 1977 to 2005. Each edition of the book was refereed by the University of Chicago Press. The book examines city, county and state level data from the entire United States and measures the impact of 13 different types of gun control laws on crime rates. The book expands on an earlier study published in 1997 by Lott and his co-author David Mustard in The Journal of Legal Studies[1] and by Lott and his co-author John Whitley in The Journal of Law and Economics, October 2001.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_Guns,_Less_Crime

Studies to the contrary all seem to either not specify "legally owned", not account for the legal/illegal owned ratio, or just make assumptions based solely on guns per household.
When are my fellow citizens going to quit relying on incompetent police and government and try a real test of self-defense, where "gun-free zones" aren't such an appealing target?
 
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Now that's funny.
You do know who settled the US, pioneered beyond the commercial outposts, and ended up in wholesale revolt against the Crown, right? The Scotch-Irish, primarily. Should be familiar to an Australian. Google is your friend. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans
Or if you prefer books: https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/159210.How_the_Scots_Invented_the_Modern_World
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1471875.Westering_Man

I wonder if there has ever been a monarchy, or any totalitarian government, that failed to disarm its peasantry - and if so, how long they lasted. It's kind of a no-brainer, for the average despot.
Well the British attempted to disarm the populace since King James II (such as Britain's attempt to disarm the Scots during his reign), with little effect. But these Acts or measures of disarmament came from the British Parliament. Not directly from the monarch himself. The wars of the monarch's during that time saw much to'ing and fro'ing, with each monarch attempting to disarm the supporters of the previous monarch to solidify their place.. To little effect. Now, in regards to the US..

I'll address this in my response to Vociferous below:

Hahaha!

This Article reviews the British gun control program that precipitated the American Revolution: the 1774 import ban on firearms and gunpowder; the 1774-75 confiscations of firearms and gunpowder; and the use of violence to effectuate the confiscations. It was these events that changed a situation of political tension into a shooting war. Each of these British abuses provides insights into the scope of the modern Second Amendment.
...
Governor Gage directed the Redcoats to begin general, warrantless searches for arms and ammunition. According to the Boston Gazette, of all General Gage's offenses, "what most irritated the People" was "seizing their Arms and Ammunition."
...
Two days after Lord Dartmouth dispatched his disarmament recommendation, King George III and his ministers blocked importation of arms and ammunition to America. Read literally, the order merely required a permit to export arms or ammunition from Great Britain to America. In practice, no permits were granted.
http://www.davekopel.org/2A/LawRev/american-revolution-against-british-gun-control.html
So Parliament and King George III.

King George III was unable to make such an order or demand disarmament without a direct act of the British Parliament.

In other words, the orders of King George III was essentially directed the disarmament of the local population at the behest of the British Parliament, several Acts were passed before this point. Something something about Constitutional Monarchy applies here. You can look up the Magna Carta, the Bill of Rights 1869 as a start.

More to the point, King George III could not issue such an order without the British Parliament. It was the British Parliament who passed laws that would effectively order the disarmament of the US colonies they felt were troublesome and demanding independence. You must also realise that this was happening after a time of great upheaval in the UK.

Understand now?

So I'll ask again, which monarch disarmed the populace by taking away their firearms?

I'll give you a hint. None have managed to do so.
 
King George III was unable to make such an order or demand disarmament without a direct act of the British Parliament.

In other words, the orders of King George III was essentially directed the disarmament of the local population at the behest of the British Parliament, several Acts were passed before this point. Something something about Constitutional Monarchy applies here. You can look up the Magna Carta, the Bill of Rights 1869 as a start.

More to the point, King George III could not issue such an order without the British Parliament. It was the British Parliament who passed laws that would effectively order the disarmament of the US colonies they felt were troublesome and demanding independence. You must also realise that this was happening after a time of great upheaval in the UK.

Understand now?

So I'll ask again, which monarch disarmed the populace by taking away their firearms?

I'll give you a hint. None have managed to do so.
Meanwhile, George gave in to the reality of patronage politics and lavishly doled out favors in return for a coterie of "king's friends" in Parliament. This later became fodder for American charges of corruption, foppery, and irresponsible degradation in the English government.
https://www.shmoop.com/american-revolution/king-george-iii.html
But what does any of this have to do with anything. Why would it even matter if it were the king or parliament?
 
Oh right, you're the mind-reader. So you would know what sales where not made in good faith.
The official record of background checks would be the source of that information.
So I'll ask again, which monarch disarmed the populace by taking away their firearms?
You've changed the question, in a manner directly relevant to your bullshit. Your original question was about "monarchy", not "monarch", and you hung your response on exactly that distinction.
So I'll ask again, which monarch disarmed the populace by taking away their firearms?
I'll take a flier here and claim that every monarchy whose army carried firearms has sharply restricted or outright forbade its peasantry to carry them. Just as every such peasantry was forbidden swords, when swords were the King's Guard's weapons.
Well the British attempted to disarm the populace since King James II (such as Britain's attempt to disarm the Scots during his reign), with little effect. But these Acts or measures of disarmament came from the British Parliament. Not directly from the monarch himself
Likewise the 2nd Amendment restricts Congress, not the President.
And it wasn't just the British, disarming their peasantry - French, German, Russian, Spanish, they all did, from the Ming to the Incas. Every despotic regime disarms its peasants.
The wars of the monarch's during that time saw much to'ing and fro'ing, with each monarch attempting to disarm the supporters of the previous monarch to solidify their place.. To little effect.
The "effect" would be somewhat different in the eyes of the beholder, including the disarmed newly vulnerable to the whims of the armed. It was maybe not as little, from their point of view, as the serene contemplators of grand history might assume. Those kinds of experiences tend to be memorable - the grandkids are raised and instructed accordingly.
The beholders in question, in this case, were the authors of the 2nd Amendment, and the descendants and heirs of all that "to'ing and fro'ing", contemplating what they feared most from this new central government they were setting up - and they were very definite, explicit, and direct, about that. It apparently wasn't "little", to them.
 
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More Guns, Less Crime is a book by John Lott that says violent crime rates go down when states pass "shall issue" concealed carry laws.
Shall issue conceal carry does not increase the number of guns.

And Lott fails to correct properly for overriding crime rate trends, which vary by geography and demography in a manner often correlated with such laws, and which also are affected by and/or correlated with other factors he does not correct for - such as simple prosperity, type of gun owned, number of guns per owner, etc.
Studies to the contrary all seem to either not specify "legally owned", not account for the legal/illegal owned ratio, or just make assumptions based solely on guns per household.
If you aren't going to track legality of purchase and ownership (background checks, etc) you have to count illegal guns. Otherwise all you have is a hidden correlation of declining crime and people being more law-abiding - not much of an insight.
 
You've changed the question, in a manner directly relevant to your bullshit. Your original question was about "monarchy", not "monarch", and you hung your response on exactly that distinction.
Well in the context of this discussion, it is one and the same. Why are you splitting hairs, iceaura?

You still haven't been able to provide an answer to either "monarch" or "monarchy".

Here, I'll make you happy and go back to the original question to make you feel better about your initial statement about the "monarchy" and disarming the "peasantry".

Which monarchy disarmed the population by taking away their firearms? Which monarch did it?

Can you please answer that question, iceaura?

You stated initially:

formulated by experienced and wary ex-subjects of a Monarchy with such behaviors in its track record

The "Monarchy" had not attempted to disarm its subjects. The British Parliament, on the other hand, did and its track record in its attempts to do so were woeful. You should look up the Bill of Rights 1689 and the Glorious Revolution in Britain.

Put simply, no monarch or "monarchy" has ever been able to disarm the "peasantry".

I'll take a flier here and claim that every monarchy whose army carried firearms has sharply restricted or outright forbade its peasantry to carry them. Just as every such peasantry was forbidden swords, when swords were the King's Guard's weapons.
Then you would be absolutely wrong.

Monarch's of the past often decreed that the "peasants" be armed to protect the crown. For example, King James II and the Parliament of the day had the Catholics armed and the Protestants disarmed (or so he ordered, to little effect). King William and Queen Mary signed the Bill of Rights which then restored the right of Protestants in England to 'bear arms' for self defence. And so on and so forth.

They did not forbid the peasantry to carry guns. On the contrary, the peasants were often encouraged to be armed.

There is this distinctly American gun lobby fear mongering taint in your revision of history. Please stop doing that.

Likewise the 2nd Amendment restricts Congress, not the President.
And it wasn't just the British, disarming their peasantry - French, German, Russian, Spanish, they all did, from the Ming to the Incas. Every despotic regime disarms its peasants.
No actually, they don't.

They only attempted to disarm those not loyal to them and encouraged the arming of those loyal to them. Understand now?

So your initial statement was a complete rewriting of history to suit this bizarre belief that 'they're coming fer ye guns'..
 
The official record of background checks would be the source of that information.
So records could show who bought a guns for themselves and later decided to sell it, and who brought one to immediately hand off?
Shall issue conceal carry does not increase the number of guns.
Shall issue certainly promotes gun ownership more than may issue.
And Lott fails to correct properly for overriding crime rate trends, which vary by geography and demography in a manner often correlated with such laws, and which also are affected by and/or correlated with other factors he does not correct for - such as simple prosperity, type of gun owned, number of guns per owner, etc.
I don't believe you.
If you aren't going to track legality of purchase and ownership (background checks, etc) you have to count illegal guns. Otherwise all you have is a hidden correlation of declining crime and people being more law-abiding - not much of an insight.
We can't estimate?
 
Well in the context of this discussion, it is one and the same. Why are you splitting hairs, iceaura?
You and only you made the big deal of the distinction. That was you, splitting hairs. That was your distinction, entirely. In the context of this discussion, you were and are the only one attempting to make that distinction central and significant and thereby deny the significance of the British Crown's disarming of its peasantry in the considerations and motivations behind the political will of the heirs of that peasantry.
Nobody else, just you.
Which illustrates the fact that you are completely full of shit here.
They did not forbid the peasantry to carry guns. On the contrary, the peasants were often encouraged to be armed.
And often disarmed, when a different ass sat on the throne.
Even England, with its Charters and codified restrictions on royal decree, repeatedly did exactly that: https://www.historytoday.com/stephen-cooper/gun-control-right-bear-arms
By the time Blackstone wrote his Commentaries, the right provided for in the Bill of Rights had already been modified by the Disarming Acts of 1716 and 1725 and by the Act of Proscription of 1746, which served to suppress the Jacobite Rebellions and demilitarise the Highlands and Islands of Scotland. In the early 19th century, when it was widely feared that a ‘crime wave’ was sweeping across the country, fuelled by soldiers and sailors returning from the Napoleonic Wars, Parliament enacted the Vagrancy Act of 1824, the Night Poaching Acts of 1828 and 1844 and various Game Acts, starting in 1831. These all had the effect of controlling the possession of firearms, at least by the ‘lower orders’.
That loyal peasants were sometimes encouraged to bear arms of certain kinds appropriate to their station is irrelevant (except possibly in establishing self defense as a basis for the 2nd Amendment, which it does).
The "Monarchy" had not attempted to disarm its subjects. The British Parliament, on the other hand, did
Desist with the bullshit, it's not getting you anywhere.
Britain's government was a monarchy. That's the name for when a hereditary King sits on a throne and issues decrees etc. That government, through its legislative subsidiary Parliament (which included a House of Lords, btw) disarmed its peasants, repeatedly, and they did not forget the experience of being disarmed by a central government.
And if they had forgotten, the American ones, they would have been reminded by the various confiscations and restrictions in the colonial years prior to open revolt.
They only attempted to disarm those not loyal to them and encouraged the arming of those loyal to them. Understand now?
Yes. They disarmed their disloyal peasantry, the people they wanted to rule without their consent. And the people they disarmed like that did not forget the lesson learned.
Do you understand why the victims of these statutory disarmaments - amounting to the entire peasantry, by turns, at whim, depending on who sat on the throne - would formulate and establish the 2nd Amendment?
Remember your original question, the comical one: Which monarchy would have been on their minds, the authors of the Bill of Rights?

And it hasn't been that long. The heirs of that six hundred year hard lesson have for two hundred and fifty more inherited the reaction, the intransigent defiance and no excuses reservation of capability for violence, including the sheer bloodyminded blockheaded refusal to reason: http://www.jeffreyearlwarren.com/the-westering-man/
 
So records could show who bought a guns for themselves and later decided to sell it, and who brought one to immediately hand off?
Not really.
Shall issue certainly promotes gun ownership more than may issue.
Makes no difference, in general.
I don't believe you.
So check for yourself. What he's attempting is a very difficult and tricky bit of gleaning from noisy data and a small base, and he isn't careful enough.
We can't estimate?
I doubt it. You could try - nobody's succeeded yet afaik.
 
And the rewriting of history continues.
The origin of the 2nd Amendment is documented, the motives clear, the historical considerations and factors blatantly obvious and the time and to this day. This isn't a judgment call - whatever one may think of the modern relevance of the circumstances of 1780, their contemporary nature is nailed down.
 
Do you have any articles by someone who wasn't paid by the NRA?
Do you judge everything based on guilt by association with people/things you don't like?
You must hate VWs.
Not really.
I didn't think so. Just making sure.
Makes no difference, in general.
Any data on that or just noise?
So check for yourself. What he's attempting is a very difficult and tricky bit of gleaning from noisy data and a small base, and he isn't careful enough.
I'm satisfied with the finding.
I doubt it. You could try - nobody's succeeded yet afaik.
No accounting for what you may not know.
 
Gawdzilla Sama said:
You miss one option for the US public: They have been told the rules CAN'T be changed, so they believe we're stuck with dead kids in the classrooms.
The Second Amendment could be amended with just a few words.

...Listening to brain washed people talk about principal rules of the cult they prescribe to.
There are soo many new US laws which completely suspend &/or circumvent the 2nd amendment ideological principal that it reduces those espousing its fundermental concrete principal to be intellectually incongruent to normal discussion.

Reminding me of the fact only 50% of the voting population care to vote & the consequential inflection that derives of the true content & nature of touted democratic majority principals.
 
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