The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran

Michael

歌舞伎
Valued Senior Member
In a nut shell, as we all now know, the exact origin for the material in the Qur'an is not known nor is it known exactly who or when it was collected and canonized. What is know is much of it is nonsensical. To make sense of the gibberish, one scholar has begun back tracking and going back to the type of "Arabic" that was used during initial stages of the development of what is now the Qur'an and he has found that many of the most obscure passages can be better understood by using the dominate ME language of the day - Syro-Aramaic.

The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran

Synopsis

This book takes a philological and text-critical approach to the study of the Qur'an and is considered a major, but controversial work in the field of Qur'anic philology.

The work advances the thesis that the content of critical sections of the Qu'ran has been broadly misread by succeeding generations of readers through a faulty and exclusive reliance on the assumption that classical Arabic formed the foundation of the Qu'ran whereas linguistic analysis of the text suggests that the prevalent Syro-Aramic language up to the 7th century formed a stronger etymological basis for its meaning.

Luxenberg, like many scholars before him, remarks that the Qur'an contains much ambiguous and even inexplicable language. He asserts that even Muslim scholars find some passages difficult to parse and have written reams of Quranic commentary attempting to explain these passages. However, the assumption behind their endeavours has always been that any difficult passage is true, meaningful, and pure Arabic, and that it can be deciphered with the tools of traditional Muslim scholarship. Luxenberg accuses Western academic scholars of the Qur'an of taking a timid and imitative approach, relying too heavily on the biased work of Muslim scholars.
 
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According to Luxenberg the word "al-qur'an" is derived from the Aramaic word "qeryan-a" meaning ‘lectionary’ * a book of liturgical readings. The book being a Syro-Aramaic lectionary, with hymns and Biblical extracts, created for use in Christian services. This Arabic lectionary is a trace of the pre-Islamic, Christian past of certain Arab communities, who were amongst the first Christians. It was not meant to start a new religion, but a legacy of an older one.[7] It is uncritically accepted by scholars and orientalist's internationally that the word "qur'an" (without the article l-) is derived from the Arabic root word "qara'a", which means reading. Luxenbergs Aramaic "qeryan" (without the article -a) is of course also derived from the same, shared Semitic root QR' "reading", as is obvious from the translation "lectionary", "a text for reading". By pointing at this precursor, with essentially the same meaning and the same form, the word qur'an is put in an important historical perspective

* The word huri, casually interpreted by generations of readers as white-eyed virgins (who will serve the faithful in Paradise; Qur'an 44:54, 52:20 ,55:72, 56:22) actually means white grapes. He says that many Christian descriptions of Paradise describe it as abounding in pure white grapes. This sparked much joking in the Western press; suicide bombers would be expecting beautiful women and getting grapes.[8]. It erroniously assumed by some that this unintentionial side-effect (The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran was conceived and published well before suicide attacks reached public attention in the West) is a relevant element in the evaluation of Luxenberg's findings.

* The Quranic passage in Sura 24, verse 31 in Arabic reads: "[Women] should beat their khumurs against their bags." This has traditionally been interpreted as command for women to cover themselves, (and is used one of the textual justifications for the doctrine of hijab.) In Luxenberg's Syro-Aramaic reading, the verse commands women to "snap their belts around their waists." Luxenberg argues that this is a much more plausible reading than the strictly Arabic one. The belt was a sign of chastity in the Christian world. Also, Jesus puts on an apron before he washes the disciples feet at the last supper.

* The passage in Sura 33 that has usually been translated as "seal of the prophets" actually means "witness". By this reading, Muhammad is not the greatest of the prophets, but a witness to those prophets who came before him.

* The Qur'an was composed in a mixed Arabic-Syriac language. He points out that the borrowings show the characteristics of Eastern Aramaic rather than Western Aramaic, which rules the traders' language of Mecca (as such a postulated phenomenon that has yet to be proven it was used in Mecca) out as a candidate for having been the source.

* The interpretative mistakes that were made by the first commentators suggests that there must have been a gap in the oral transmission of the Qur'an.
 
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What I find the most interesting is the more we look, from an academic lens, at the historical sources that eventually lead to the Character known as Mohammad, that eventually become the Qur'an, the more we find it is the same manner in which Biblical and Judaic myths came about.

Myths on top of Myths on top of Myths. It's all very fascinating.
 
The earliest copy of the Qur'an is the Sana'a manuscripts in Yemen. But, it's not a bound book, it was a collection of about 20 potato sacks of compressed parchments. Some of that was Qur'an and other parts were Biblicalish stories - the manuscripts are actuality palimpsests, which are versions of Qur'anic stories written over even earlier versions of these stories that were scraped-off. It was quite common back then. Some of these stories probably precede the Qur'an by 100s of years.

Again, we have to remember there were many Christian monasteries all along the Eastern coast (heck, there were many Xian churches even in China and on the Korea peninsula at this time) and the earliest Muslims didn't think of themselves as "Muslims". Anyway, it's interesting.
 
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Some of that was Qur'an and other parts were Biblical stories
Stories from the Hebrew bible...or new testament writings?

Whats the language used in this oldest copy?

Is Aramaic regarded as proto-Arabic?

I wonder if Aramaic started in Palestine and drifted down into Arabia...or maybe it drifted up???
 
This identity apparently coalesced in the 750s, but I think that this area of research is ongoing. As you can imagine, it's difficult (if not impossible) to do the work. In KSA for example, I've read the authorities actively destroy any pre Islamic monuments discovered in the desert if there is a chance they could in any way suggest a pre Islamic story.

A good example are the square stones Arabs often used as a religious symbol for the God head (which incidentally is still revered in Mecca).

So, it seems there is a lot of interesting research still to do.
 
Stories from the Hebrew bible...or new testament writings?
Both overall myths were at some point copied (The story of Moses/Abraham and that of Jesus). It's hard to say if the Moses?Abraham mythes were taken directly from the Torah because the Xians had already copied these stories and so it may have come from their OT, which was, oddly enough written earlier. My guess is yes, because there were both Jewish and Xian communities living in the area. But, it's hard to say. Ultimately, the myths must have been copied - they exist after all.

What's interesting is the religion that is now Islam MAY have actually been a Xian religion. I also find it interesting that the earliest evidence for Mohammad is a Greek manuscript which speaks of a blasphemous war monger. This could mean that Mohammad, or a group of Xians, had an interpretation of Xianity that did not fit with the mainstream orthodoxy. Islam as a different religion and Mohammad as a "Prophet" could very well be a later invention, one of necessity, to rule a newly conquered people.

It's all very interesting.
 
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Whats the language used in this oldest copy?

Is Aramaic regarded as proto-Arabic?
Probably a good question for Fraggle. As I understand it, Arabic absorbed many words and ideas from all of the languages near Arabia. Greek, Persian, Aramaic, etc.. ex: The Arabic alphabet is hypothesized to be from Nabataean Aramaic script.
 
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