Thanks for your post....I am glad you have found improvement.haven't had time to read the entire thread, so let me attempt to grasp the OP question.
Are you asking how it is we know the distance a photon has travelled when it reaches our retina, which is actually inside our eye, yet we can experience it as a 3D image of an external object?
If I understand this correctly, I'd like to try and explore this phenomenon, which I have never considered from that perspective.
Some thoughts come to mind immediately;
a) We have two eyes which provides stereo vision, i.e. 2 perspectives of the same object.
b) The photon wave collapses as it strikes our retina, allowing us to experience the inherent energy of the
wave lengths, which our brain translates as color and motion (if any).
c) The brain's mirror neural system (MNS) mirrors the perceived image and calculates the angles of the 2
perspectives, which is then converted (triangulation?) into a 3D holographic representation in our mind.
Perhaps similar to the apparent 3D image in an actual 2D surface of a glass mirror.
d) Our brain is limited in processing all the information, but can form images by association with
previously observed objects. This is how we can fool the MNS with a host of optical illusions.
It's amazing really. I just had an eye operation and my depth perception has incredibly improved.
This is why IMO, the question is not so much about the properties of photons, but about stereo vision and the brain's ability to make instant complex mathematical calculations..
Do you think stereo-scopic vision can effect ultra long distances like a star-scape etc?