When Cortes arrived in Mesoamerica in 1519, his first contact was with the Aztecs who were, in fact, doing human sacrifices. The priests with Cortes were properly horrified about human sacrifices, even though the Vatican was still in-process of Inquisitions that tortured and murdered millions in Europe, that included anyone who did not accept Jesus as their savior but particularly Jews. Isabela and Ferdinand of Spain had launched the first Inquisition about six months after Columbus sailed for America in 1492. At any rate, the Catholics took exception to the Aztecs' practice of human sacrifices while condoning their own Inquisitions in the name of Jesus.
The priests who wrote the early history of Mexico identified Mexico with the Aztecs they first contacted. The Aztecs had only been in the Mexico Valley several hundred years before Cortes arrived, and the Aztecs were themselves new to the Mexico Valley.
The Toltec, a word that means master craftsman, had been in the Mexico Valley since around 600 AD when the Aztecs conquered the peaceful Toltec to move into the Mexico Valley around 1300 AD. The Toltec had been in the area about 700 years before the Aztec.
The Aztecs declared themselves heirs of the Toltec around 1300 AD when they moved into the Mexico Valley and assimilated the Toltec deity, Quetzalcoatl, as a secondary figure under the Aztec God of War.
In contrast to the human sacrifices the Aztec god demanded, Quetzalcoatl was a peaceful god who would not tolerate talk of human sacrifices. Quetzalcoatl would accept only flower and butterflies on altars, according to accounts given to the priests. Long-standing Aztec gods were very different and made different demands than Quetzalcoatl. After the Aztecs installed Quetzalcoatl in their pantheon -- their call since they were the conquerors of the Mexico Valley -- some Aztecs began to accept the teachings of Quetzalcoatl, and they accepted Quetzalcoatl as a secondary deity under the Aztecs God of War.
Confusion between the Aztec's human sacrifices and the Toltec's Quetzalcoatl who would not accept human sacrifices was generated by the priests who reported to the Vatican. The Aztecs occupied a pyramid center at what is now Mexico City. The Toltec had settled around the pyramids at Teotihuacan after the original builders abandoned them between 600-700 AD. The confusion still exists.
Quetzalcoatl was described as a tall bearded man with white skin who wore a robe and would appear unexpectedly to talk to people while they worked. The Toltec said that Quetzalcoatl brought them letters and mathematics when they lived in ignorance. The Cherokee also had a tradition of a pale skinned teacher who brought new teachings to them long before the European arrived.
Like the Toltecs (master craftsmen), the Cherokee were an accomplished people whose teachings promoted peaceful integration. The result of the encouragement of their teachers is that both the Toltec and Cherokee easily assimilated with conquering races -- Aztecs and Europeans.
Frank Waters indicates that Toltec craftsmen carved the Sun Stone, which is commonly, but erroneously, called the Aztec calendar. The Sun Stone is a megalith stone weighing 13 tons carved from basalt. Carving the Sun Stone was an accomplishment in itself, not to mention transporting it.
Distinctions between the Aztecs and Toltecs is especially important in terms of identifying the source of the ancient calendar. The numbers of Native America's oldest calendar first appeared in Teotihuacan.
The pyramids at Teotihuacan were constructed by unidentified builders around 300 BC, and, according to Peter Thompkins, the remains of an older smaller pyramid have been discovered under the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan. The ruins of an older pyramid under the Pyramid of the Sun could date Teotihuacan's use to about 2000 BC. This date cannot be confirmed, because I don't have information dealing with the ruins of the smaller pyramid beneath the existing Pyramid of the Sun.
There is carbon dating and excavation of another site in the Mexico City that dates occupation of builders in the Mexico Valley to 2160 BC. The hard evidence for construction in the Mexico Valley in time frame indicated by carbon dating of 2160 BC is summarily ignored by the Mexican government, who originally commissioned the carbon dating, but now makes big $$$ on the tourist industry and does not want to upset the historical identity established in Euro thinking.
Again, the Toltecs migrated into the Mexico Valley as the original builders of Teotihuacan were departing in the period 600-700 AD. A pyramid culture existed in the Mexico Valley, constructed by unidentified builders, when the Toltec arrived.
THE SHOCKER FOR "AMERICANS"
Now for the shocker for the mythos of North American Natives. Scholars like to define Native Americans with political boundaries between Mexico and the U.S. Mexican Indians are identified separately from Native Americans north of the national boundaries. There was considerable commingling between native tribes in what is now the U.S. and Mexico before the political boundaries were defined.
The Pawnee, settled near the Missippi when Lewis and Clark set out to map the northwest territory, did their last human sacrifice in 1838. And they stopped doing human sacrifices at the request of none other than the explorer who set the pace into the northwest, William Clark.
After sacrificing an Oglala Sioux girl in 1838, the Sioux attacked the Pawnee. The Pawnee asked permission to move to Oklahoma for their own safety, and they subsequently became an extinct tribe.
The exact form of the human sacrifice ritual is compared to an Aztec codex depicting sacrifices. The Pawnee clearly had contact with the Aztecs who memorialized human sacrifice rituals in a codex, Codex Porfirio Diaz, now in the National Museum, Mexico City.
Sacrifice rituals did not exist in the codices associated with Teotihuacan, particularly the Borgia Codices which dealt exclusively with ritual.
The priests who wrote the early history of Mexico identified Mexico with the Aztecs they first contacted. The Aztecs had only been in the Mexico Valley several hundred years before Cortes arrived, and the Aztecs were themselves new to the Mexico Valley.
The Toltec, a word that means master craftsman, had been in the Mexico Valley since around 600 AD when the Aztecs conquered the peaceful Toltec to move into the Mexico Valley around 1300 AD. The Toltec had been in the area about 700 years before the Aztec.
The Aztecs declared themselves heirs of the Toltec around 1300 AD when they moved into the Mexico Valley and assimilated the Toltec deity, Quetzalcoatl, as a secondary figure under the Aztec God of War.
In contrast to the human sacrifices the Aztec god demanded, Quetzalcoatl was a peaceful god who would not tolerate talk of human sacrifices. Quetzalcoatl would accept only flower and butterflies on altars, according to accounts given to the priests. Long-standing Aztec gods were very different and made different demands than Quetzalcoatl. After the Aztecs installed Quetzalcoatl in their pantheon -- their call since they were the conquerors of the Mexico Valley -- some Aztecs began to accept the teachings of Quetzalcoatl, and they accepted Quetzalcoatl as a secondary deity under the Aztecs God of War.
Confusion between the Aztec's human sacrifices and the Toltec's Quetzalcoatl who would not accept human sacrifices was generated by the priests who reported to the Vatican. The Aztecs occupied a pyramid center at what is now Mexico City. The Toltec had settled around the pyramids at Teotihuacan after the original builders abandoned them between 600-700 AD. The confusion still exists.
Quetzalcoatl was described as a tall bearded man with white skin who wore a robe and would appear unexpectedly to talk to people while they worked. The Toltec said that Quetzalcoatl brought them letters and mathematics when they lived in ignorance. The Cherokee also had a tradition of a pale skinned teacher who brought new teachings to them long before the European arrived.
Like the Toltecs (master craftsmen), the Cherokee were an accomplished people whose teachings promoted peaceful integration. The result of the encouragement of their teachers is that both the Toltec and Cherokee easily assimilated with conquering races -- Aztecs and Europeans.
Frank Waters indicates that Toltec craftsmen carved the Sun Stone, which is commonly, but erroneously, called the Aztec calendar. The Sun Stone is a megalith stone weighing 13 tons carved from basalt. Carving the Sun Stone was an accomplishment in itself, not to mention transporting it.
Distinctions between the Aztecs and Toltecs is especially important in terms of identifying the source of the ancient calendar. The numbers of Native America's oldest calendar first appeared in Teotihuacan.
The pyramids at Teotihuacan were constructed by unidentified builders around 300 BC, and, according to Peter Thompkins, the remains of an older smaller pyramid have been discovered under the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan. The ruins of an older pyramid under the Pyramid of the Sun could date Teotihuacan's use to about 2000 BC. This date cannot be confirmed, because I don't have information dealing with the ruins of the smaller pyramid beneath the existing Pyramid of the Sun.
There is carbon dating and excavation of another site in the Mexico City that dates occupation of builders in the Mexico Valley to 2160 BC. The hard evidence for construction in the Mexico Valley in time frame indicated by carbon dating of 2160 BC is summarily ignored by the Mexican government, who originally commissioned the carbon dating, but now makes big $$$ on the tourist industry and does not want to upset the historical identity established in Euro thinking.
Again, the Toltecs migrated into the Mexico Valley as the original builders of Teotihuacan were departing in the period 600-700 AD. A pyramid culture existed in the Mexico Valley, constructed by unidentified builders, when the Toltec arrived.
THE SHOCKER FOR "AMERICANS"
Now for the shocker for the mythos of North American Natives. Scholars like to define Native Americans with political boundaries between Mexico and the U.S. Mexican Indians are identified separately from Native Americans north of the national boundaries. There was considerable commingling between native tribes in what is now the U.S. and Mexico before the political boundaries were defined.
The Pawnee, settled near the Missippi when Lewis and Clark set out to map the northwest territory, did their last human sacrifice in 1838. And they stopped doing human sacrifices at the request of none other than the explorer who set the pace into the northwest, William Clark.
After sacrificing an Oglala Sioux girl in 1838, the Sioux attacked the Pawnee. The Pawnee asked permission to move to Oklahoma for their own safety, and they subsequently became an extinct tribe.
The exact form of the human sacrifice ritual is compared to an Aztec codex depicting sacrifices. The Pawnee clearly had contact with the Aztecs who memorialized human sacrifice rituals in a codex, Codex Porfirio Diaz, now in the National Museum, Mexico City.
Sacrifice rituals did not exist in the codices associated with Teotihuacan, particularly the Borgia Codices which dealt exclusively with ritual.
