Relativity of simultaneity and the fact that $$P \not \in \ell$$ are sufficient to require $$Q \neq R$$ as a matter of self-consistency.
Because $$j \neq k$$, the definitions $$P = j \cap k$$, $$Q = j \cap \ell$$, $$R = j \cap \ell$$ and the observation that $$P \not \in \ell$$ lead to the conclusion that $$Q \neq R$$.
Oh, here is one. prove ROS with C' and M being co-located.
Line f describes the trajectory through space-time of object M. Since the inner product of the difference of any two events on line f and any two events on line j is zero, it proves that j is a line of simultaneity for any inertial system of coordinates where M is at rest. Frame Σ is such an inertial system of coordinates.
Line h describes the trajectory through space-time of object C'. Since the inner product of the difference of any two events on line h and any two events on line k is zero, it proves that k is a line of simultaneity for any inertial system of coordinates where C' is at rest. Frame Σ' is such an inertial system of coordinates.
Lines f and h cross at a single event P. Lines j and k cross at a single event, which is also P.
Thus $$P = f \cap h \cap j \cap k = f \cap h = f \cap j = f \cap k = h \cap j = h \cap k = j \cap k$$ is the only place and time where C' and M are co-located.
You don't even have to look at all the mathematical content of post #2 to see that. Here, let me remove some of the distractions for you:
Let f,g,h be time-like inertial world lines. Let j, k be space-like straight lines. Let ℓ be a light-like straight line. Then we have in both coordinate system the following descriptions of these lines:
$$
\begin{array}{c|c|c} \textrm{Line} & \textrm{Frame} \; \Sigma & \textrm{Frame} \; \Sigma' \\ \hline \\ f & x = 0 & \\ g & & x' = 0 \\ h & & x' = - \frac{d'}{c} v \\ j & t = \frac{d'}{c} \sqrt{1 - \frac{v^2}{c^2}} & \\ k & & t' = \frac{d'}{c} \\ \ell & x = ct & x' = ct' \end{\array} $$
$$\begin{array}{c|c|c} \textrm{Event} & \textrm{Frame} \; \Sigma & \textrm{Frame} \; \Sigma' \\ \hline \\ O=f \cap g \cap \ell & \left( x=0, \; t=0\right) & \left(x'=0, \; t'=0 \right) \\ P = f \cap h \cap j \cap k & \left( x = 0, \; t = \frac{d'}{c} \sqrt{1 - \frac{v^2}{c^2}} \right) & \left( x' = - \frac{d'}{c} v, \; t' = \frac{d'}{c} \right) \\ Q = j \cap \ell & \left( x = d' \, \sqrt{1 - \frac{v^2}{c^2}}, \; t = \frac{d'}{c} \sqrt{1 - \frac{v^2}{c^2}} \right) & \\ R = k \cap \ell & &\left( x' = d' , \; t' = \frac{d'}{c} \right) \end{\array}$$
... by ignoring relativity of simultaneity, you improperly confuse lines j and k and therefore confuse events Q and R.
So what did we learn by actually reading post #2?
In frame Σ, look at the t-coordinate of event P and event Q. Therefore events P and Q are
simultaneous in frame Σ. They have the same t-coordinate value. Look at line j, it has constant t-coordinate value. Therefore both events P and Q are part of line j. Therefore line j is a straight line connected two events simultaneous events in frame Σ. Therefore
every event which is parts of line j is simultaneous with event P in event Σ.
In frame Σ', look at the t'-coordinate of event P and event R. Therefore events P and R are
simultaneous in frame Σ'. They have the same t'-coordinate value. Look at line k, it has constant t'-coordinate value. Therefore both events P and R are part of line k. Therefore line k is a straight line connected two events simultaneous events in frame Σ'. Therefore
every event which is parts of line k is simultaneous with event P in event Σ'.
In frame Σ, look at the x- and t-coordinates of events Q and R. Which comes later? It's R. What is the relation between the difference between values of the x coordinates and the differences of the t coordinates? It's $$\frac{x_R - x_Q}{t_R - t_Q} = c$$. So a straight line between events Q and R represents movement at the speed of light. If you extend this movement backwards in time to t = 0 does it pass through the position of x = 0 ? Yes. So O, Q and R are all on the same light-like straight line: ℓ
In frame Σ', look at the x'- and t'-coordinates of events Q and R. Which comes later? It's R. What is the relation between the difference between values of the x' coordinates and the differences of the t' coordinates? It's $$\frac{x'_R - x'_Q}{t'_R - t'_Q} = c$$. So a straight line between events Q and R represents movement at the speed of light. If you extend this movement backwards in time to t' = 0 does it pass through the position of x' = 0 ? Yes. So O, Q and R are all on the same light-like straight line: ℓ
Therefore the principle of
relativity of simultaneity is summarized in this problem by the statement $$j \neq k$$.
And even though in frame Σ, P and Q are simultaneous, and in frame Σ', P and R are simultaneous, self-consistency
requires that Q and R not be simultaneous in any frame.
One would be mistaken to attribute that result from this example to the assumption of consistency of light speed, since all that is required is for ℓ to not be space-like and not pass through event P.