It's generally accepted that one is morally obliged to help someone who is in danger or distress if he has the capacity. And this obligation often translates into legal obligation in some states. For example, if one is being raped, or has been in a traffic accident, bystanders must do something, such as call for help. If they don't, they face legal penalties.
The obligation is easy to understand in terms of utilitarianism. Utilitarianism mandates that one's actions should aim to maximize overall utility. By calling the police in the case of a car accident, you could potentially save someone's life. In doing so, you've made it possible for that person to continue life and experience pleasure. Not only that, but you've saved that person's family members from a lot of displeasure. The person may have even had a huge family, saving a large number of people from a great amount of displeasure. So the simple act of dialing the police has created a whole lot of utility and it was at minimal cost to you. This disparity between cost and the utility attained forms the basis of the moral obligation. The greater the disparity, the greater the obligation.
The opposite is also true. The smaller the disparity, the smaller the obligation. Let's say there was a car accident and you didn't have a cell phone and the only thing you could do to help would be to drag someone out of a burning car which could explode at any moment. The potential for saved utility is great, but so is the cost. The judge likely wouldn't give you grief about that. He'd be more like, "yeah, that's what I would have done too, buddy."
In my view, pleasure and displeasure are the same thing, except negatives of one another--like wealth and debt. The ability to delay gratification is an important human capacity and it has much to do with one's success in life. Basically what it is, is facing displeasure directly in order to get more pleasure later. It's the difference between Cyranaic hedonism and Epicurean hedonism. Cyraniac hedonism is the heroin addict who gets pleasure quickly and intensely, but then loses it and ends up having a short life. Epicurean hedonism is more disciplined, contrived and, in the end, results in more utility. Our lives and our relationships are heavily based on trading displeasure and pleasure. They do appear to be interchangeable--two sides of the same coin.
So if pleasure and displeasure are really the same thing, why isn't there a similar moral obligation to give pleasure to people? Let's say you have some special gift or skill. Like, maybe you make incredibly good peanut butter cookies or are particularly adept at oral sex. Because you're gifted, producing these things isn't particularly costly to you, but they produce inordinate amounts of utility for others. You're working with a high disparity between cost incurred by you, which is low, and attainable utility for others, which is high. Because of this high disparity, you have a great moral obligation to do these things.
The obligation is easy to understand in terms of utilitarianism. Utilitarianism mandates that one's actions should aim to maximize overall utility. By calling the police in the case of a car accident, you could potentially save someone's life. In doing so, you've made it possible for that person to continue life and experience pleasure. Not only that, but you've saved that person's family members from a lot of displeasure. The person may have even had a huge family, saving a large number of people from a great amount of displeasure. So the simple act of dialing the police has created a whole lot of utility and it was at minimal cost to you. This disparity between cost and the utility attained forms the basis of the moral obligation. The greater the disparity, the greater the obligation.
The opposite is also true. The smaller the disparity, the smaller the obligation. Let's say there was a car accident and you didn't have a cell phone and the only thing you could do to help would be to drag someone out of a burning car which could explode at any moment. The potential for saved utility is great, but so is the cost. The judge likely wouldn't give you grief about that. He'd be more like, "yeah, that's what I would have done too, buddy."
In my view, pleasure and displeasure are the same thing, except negatives of one another--like wealth and debt. The ability to delay gratification is an important human capacity and it has much to do with one's success in life. Basically what it is, is facing displeasure directly in order to get more pleasure later. It's the difference between Cyranaic hedonism and Epicurean hedonism. Cyraniac hedonism is the heroin addict who gets pleasure quickly and intensely, but then loses it and ends up having a short life. Epicurean hedonism is more disciplined, contrived and, in the end, results in more utility. Our lives and our relationships are heavily based on trading displeasure and pleasure. They do appear to be interchangeable--two sides of the same coin.
So if pleasure and displeasure are really the same thing, why isn't there a similar moral obligation to give pleasure to people? Let's say you have some special gift or skill. Like, maybe you make incredibly good peanut butter cookies or are particularly adept at oral sex. Because you're gifted, producing these things isn't particularly costly to you, but they produce inordinate amounts of utility for others. You're working with a high disparity between cost incurred by you, which is low, and attainable utility for others, which is high. Because of this high disparity, you have a great moral obligation to do these things.