However, mine experts interviewed by CNN said the MINER Act and the MSHA regulations have proven insufficient to crack down on chronic offenders.
One reason is an apparent loophole in MSHA policy that allows mining companies cited for violations to avoid being designated as multiple offenders facing a government-ordered shutdown.
MSHA looks at citations over the previous two years to determine whether a pattern of safety violations exists. If it determines such a pattern, MSHA can then begin steps to shut down a mine or a particular part of a mine where the violations have occurred.
The problem, experts say, is that MSHA only considers final citations -- those that have completed the potentially lengthy administrative and legal process.
While mine operators are compelled to quickly abate any safety violations, they can appeal particularly troublesome citations and subsequent fines to delay final resolution of them until after the expiration of MSHA's two-year window for consideration.
Tony Oppegard, a Kentucky mine safety expert who formerly worked for the MSHA, said stricter enforcement of the so-called "pattern of violations" regulation could have prevented the latest tragedy.
The Upper Big Branch Mine operated by Massey Energy "would have been on a pattern a long time ago" due to multiple citations for severe safety violations, according to Oppegard.
"If that mine is not placed on a pattern, there's not a mine in the country that would be," Oppegard said.
Massey officials didn't immediately return calls from CNN on Thursday.
However, CEO Don Blankenship has defended his company's safety record this week, saying Massey's mines "are typically in better shape than others that are in our area or in the country. ... Our creativity on safety is second to none."
Celeste Monforton, a George Washington University occupational health professor, said some mine operators exploit the loophole in MSHA policy by creating "litigation limbo" so that cited violations remain unresolved beyond the agency's two-year window.
"It's my opinion that they're gaming the system," Monforton said.
http://edition.cnn.com/2010/US/04/09/west.virginia.mine.safety/index.html