1) Has a PET scan or something been able to trace the inplementation of though down to the nueronal level, like where you can see the path of nueron firing as a particular concept is implemented in thought?
Damn good question. This book kinda glances over all that. This is all based on a theory he (Calvin) proposed in The Cerebral Code. It's based on Hebbs work in the 50's about mutual excitation it seems. I've never come across Hebbs before. So I spent the morning looking around to see what I could find.
Hebb's appealingly simple alternative was to explain human and animal behavior and thought in terms of the actual device which produces them - the brain, and in "The Organization of Behavior", Hebb presented just such a neuropsychological theory.
Funny thing about this is that right before this that gestalt psychology was one of the methods of thought to which Hebb's idea was an alternative.
There were three pivotal postulates:
1. Connections between neurons increase in efficacy in proportion to the degree of correlation between pre- and post-synaptic activity. In Hebb's own words, from the Chapter 4 of the Organization of Behavior: "When an axon of cell A is near enough to excite B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells such that A's efficiency, as one of the cells firing B, is increased" (p. 62). In Neuroscience this proposal corresponds to the "Hebb synapse", the first instances of which were later discovered in long term potentiation (Bliss & Lømo, 1973) and kindling (Goddard, McIntyre & Leech, 1969), whereas in Cognitive Science this postulate, often called the "Hebb rule", provides the most basic learning algorithm for adjusting connection weights in artificial neural network models.
2. Groups of neurons which tend to fire together form a cell-assembly whose activity can persist after the triggering event and serves to represent it. This proposal, illustrated by Hebb in schematic form and shown here in Figure 1, is considered by some to be Hebb's most important conceptual contribution (Milner, 1986).
3. Thinking is the sequential activation of sets of cell-assemblies.
I've found several sites talking about Hebbian Learning. A lot of them are in regards to artifical intelligence. From what I've gathered, it's the setup for the 'groove' in the record player. It's a resonance that will effect the outcome in the Darwinian Competition in Calvin's theory. The quotes above came from here. Also found a group of links in an online encyclopedia. Found a link on wikipedia, as well. One last link. That last one's good I think. Lots of references at the bottom if one could find them.
As to PET scans...? Haven't seen anything. I think it's mostly from cultured brain cells or something. It's basically a prediction based on physiology. I wonder if our technology would even be up to the job of scanning such small areas? To detect the patterns played out in a .5 mm area (actually, what would the area be? Hexagon 0.5 mm to the side. Bah, too long since geometry. ). It's definitely interesting though, isn't it?
And, yeah, the hexagons and the vast majority of this is Calvin's theory. He puts it forward in the Cerebral Code. Turns out that Calvin has all his books online. Kinda makes me wonder... a bit. But, this is the philosophy section. I'd love input on whether on any of this is anywhere near 'mainstream'.
Basically, from what I've gathered it's about this trait of the surface layer pyramidials. This 0.5 mm gap between connections. The 'express train'. This is what sets up the hexagons. Because, I erred earlier when inferring that only one minicolumn in a hex could fire in a pattern at one time. Because the diameter (length, whatever it'd be in a hexagon) is greater than 0.5. As was shown in the diagram above. So I'm actually a bit confused by the way it made the smallest area without redundancy be the limit of it's size. Redundancy seems to imply only one minicolumn firing at a time. So, I'm a bit confused there. I need to read the Cerebral Code to learn more about the theoretical roots that are glanced over in Lingua.
Anyway, I failed to take into account a triangular linkage. I mentioned it in a quote, but didn't elaborate. (Mainly because the book didn't elaborate much. The following is just my conjecture of what it means.) Because of the 0.5 mm gap, these triangular connections occur. (Why three? Good question. I'll get back once I've taken in the Cerebral Code.) And because of the triangles, the hexagons forming out of them. Meh. I'm not entirely sure.
There is another implied reason for the hexagonal shape. Merely the simplicity of nature. Packing in shapes into a space hungry system... What's the best shape? What seems to be the shape chosen most often throughout various evolutionary cycles. Hell. Check this out. How's this for simplicity?
I think the hexagonal nature is not... completely necessary for the theory (Calvin's). It just sets up simple rules for competition. As you'll see in part two. Or you could read it yourself in full of course, in either book.
I ask for the hypthesis that is it perhaps a series of connected dendrites could actually map the firing for a particular concept if you follow.
It's not that the neurons with connected dendrites map the pattern, not between themselves anyway. The multicolumns act as a single unit in some sort of way. In an are of cortex (according to calvin) 0.5 mm hex, there are approx. 30,000 neurons. Or about 300 multicolumns composed of 100 neurons or so each. I imagine there would be a lot of variability. And the networks are constantly changing, as you say. The competitions rise and fall like flickering ghosts. Prairie fires. It doesn't make it completely clear in Lingua as to how the hex's change, but it does say that any one multicolumn can be in more than one hexagon. That is the hexagon is ephemeral. Likely some would be bigger, some smaller. Shifting about grouping different groups of neurons at any given time. It would probably make a good screensaver.
And as to the resonance, this phenomena has been seen (kinda) in epilepsy victims. Patterns become 'burned' in. And it is this 'burning in' that is the key idea behind the washboarded ruts, the groove in the record (I think). In non-epileptic assemblies, the patterns would be far less likely to be burned in and activated. There would be a variation amongst the patterns, by which had taken place more, more recently, etc... All the things that we consider learning. The more it's in memory the more likely it is to come up. Gettin me?
It could be that one local path connects a bunch of nuerons via a small number of dendrites, forming a baseline (which is an ongoing process yes?
Not entirely sure what you're saying here. Could this be the multicolumn I was talking about?
Through a word in there to solidify the marker for the connection concentration.. rather, to make frequent the stimulous that stimulated that particular site due to previous exposures to the input of the word and associated thoughts.
I... think that this is the basis of Hebbian Learning. The more that two or more brain cells stimulate and 'bond' with one another, the stronger(?) that connection becomes. The groove is laid down. Amonst countless others. (Well, probably not countless. Has to be some kind of limit.)
So the word marker gets put in and signifies "make connections around this active subset of nuerons (not the complete awareness, just the ones for this concept as stimulous directly aligns with it). Then as you hear the word again, the connection gets activated for the group to make connections...
The more any particular pattern (which specifies specific connections between specific multicolumns/cells) is used, the more likely that connection would be to activate. When I get into competition (which will be soon. Discussing this with you is really starting to solidify the concepts. Pity that I didn't read Cerebral Cortex first, seeing as how it's more mechanical in nature) I will demonstrate how this 'probability'(?) of the pattern, the 'resonance', will cause one variant of a particular pattern 'war' to be more likely to thrive in any patch of cortical tissue and would also confine specific concepts and patterns to specific areas of the brain and specific conduits of travel. The flow is burned in.
rather, a record of this activity is store in short term and put in the queue for long term additions during sleep or whenever that happens.
I'm not entirely sure. Again. Mechanics is sparse in this volume. Hebb's theory is about short vs. long memory. The thing about long term memory (the physiological basis behind Hebb's ideas) is that they must be physical in order to survive comas and seizures (for the most part). They must not rely upon the pattern floating about in RAM. Keeping itself alive.
The queue gets a chemical message or short term version of something the aligns with the particular place that the word set the baseline connection, and relevant stimulous/thoughts get associated with that baseline, re-enforcing or deteriorating associations to the larger network mentioned below based on the contents of the new additions to the circuit.
I think that you may be stuck in the 'one stick' frame of mind that I was with your ooze analogy judging from the way I think you're using baseline. There is a multitude of patterns burned into a 'field' of cortex. Depending on the area of course. The angular gyrus would be one of the most plentiful in patterns I would think. The temporal (where the words are) would have the appropriate number of patterns to function as it does. Which inputs or associations to serve as possibilities for competition in any given area.
In the active process of thought, this simply activates and reflects onto the passing though, adding pending availability of past experiences stored in memory (in either data or conceptualized form (can reach detail through the larger network, the dendrite attachment fires to the larger network, connecting the concept and related details thereof to the concept that recieved the prior signal)
Whew. Talk about recursive. That's a lot of parentheses. Don't worry, I'm a parentheses kind of guy myself, but I try to stay away from double nests (at least double nests with the second (nest) as large as yours. ;-) )
As to commentary, what you say could certainly be similar. The problem with transferring these patterns is when they get shuffled onto the nerve highways. The arcuate and temporal fasciculum which connect the language axis like a road running from the the southern tip of the Straits of Magellan to the northern tip. The long way through the middle east. These nerve bundles are not 'coherent' like the fibers in fiber optic scope. The fibers are jumbled and they begin and end in different locations. They fan out over several mm whenever they do begin and/or end.
The competition which I'm going to discuss expresses how evolution of thought takes place in a single area. Esperanto's Apple, which I'm leading up to, deals with obtaining a standard throughout the brain so that thoughts don't become more and more incoherent as they're passed to and from different areas. Remember, a lot of times two (or more) areas of the brain will swap information back and forth over and over again. Feedback loops. Sometimes to diminish sometimes to enhance. Sometimes for other reasons (I'd presume). If the pattern kept getting jumbled at each handoff, things would get messy pretty quick.
I'm gonna get a head of myself on just this one concept. Take concept A. It can be any old concept (piece of concept. Whatever) you want it to be. Now, let's say is a concept in the temporal lobe. It gets sent to the angular gyrus for sensory association. When it get's to the angular gyrus, it's now become f(A). Well, maybe the angular gyrus just accepts g(A) as A and that's just the way it is. Well, when it gets sent back to the temporal lobe (for whatever reason) then it has now become g[f(A)]. Well, maybe the temporal has this as a duplicate pattern for A. Well, it just gets worse as more areas of the brain are added and possibly infinite in recursion (which is never a really good idea for a system). So without the universal A, brain functions become more inefficient and costly. Slower, too.
By the way, "the dendrite attachment fires to the larger network", I'm sure that's a slip of the tongue, right? Dendrites receive input. Axons are output. This adds to the mixing that occurs in the swapping. Because A different path must be taken one way than the other. Axons are one way. If they were two-way, the jumble would merely unjumble at the other end.
regarding relevant materials to the concept... at the same time, the activation of that baseline in current thought, provides a path that thought might utilize to support the investigation (or maybe it's just momentum) it's currently undertaking.
And the means of choosing what is relevant is Darwinian Competition. Bear with me. I'll get there.
The baseline is also part of a larger structure in the relationships to other baselines, dendrites connecting the larger structure as well.... so you get a big network of networks and smaller networks inside those, fitting into the loose heirarchy of personal experience and supported by 'muscle memory' type of function, to automate tasks that might otherwise detract from the momentum of thought.
You'll need to further define exactly what you're talking about with baseline. I have mixed notions. It seems at one time to refer to the multicolumns, while at another it appears to refer to the 'burned in' patterns. The reason I think multicolumn is because of your use of dendrites. If you will look at this diagram, it shows the basic idea of the multicolumn. The multicolumn vs. the neuron are at different scales, and the neuron is only showing the paired connections at 0.5mm distance. There would be far more than that in that area.
I am not completely familiar with this multicolumn idea. I had interpreted them to focus on all the neurons in a multigroup to act in 'harmony' of sorts. A common purpose. Looking at that diagram now makes me wonder a bit. There are shown more neurons than those in the surface layer. So, all these neurons couldn't be of the type we're talking about here with the 0.5 mm gap. Interesting. That's something else I'm going to have to dig up. I'm sure Calvin's other book will discuss it more detail.
So, anyway, I'm almost conceiving of it as hexagons within hexagons. Network within network. I imagine a good deal of multimodality would come in at the multicolumn level as well. I'll look into it.
And, interesting that you should mention this muscle memory. This is something that I hadn't been taking into account, even though it's something that I've been going on about quite a bit. I'm not sure how that would relate. It's not so much muscle memory as internalized memory. Habit. I think that this type of automatic behavior might actually move areas of the brain altogether. And, I imagine that even that would be theory. Right?
The brains so wonderfully complicated. And, you know what really excites me about this. Not necessarily Calvin's little theory (although it is nice), but the idea of evolution taking place in the brain. This concept has all sorts of possible builds. It is an idea that fits in so well with how we ourselves appear to have emerged, that it must be something like the right idea.
And, glial cells also come to mind. The newfound importance (possibly) of these cells could redefine the brain. Glial cells have their own seperate network. Both a large scale network regulated by Calcium (affects large areas, crosses gaps) but also a smaller one-to-one connection with other glials. Many of these glial cells control the synapse of regular neurons. They can dampen it, enhance it, stop it, provide a path for connection, kill the connection altogether. In this light, the competition of our concepts may not be 'wild' after all. They might be sheparded. Just as mankind is a 'domesticated' creature. So might our brains be.'
Interesting stuff.
The process of thought learns to control its momentum (via the observer, thus far, he whom is subjectively pushing his brain around) to respond to stimulous. It can stop (sort of), go faster, variate on active networks, and some other stuff (this resultant of this process is the also at least most of the constraints regarding these abilities, along with intial conditions).. the pattern of the though adding to incoming stimulous to both put things in the queue for later, and change the input before it goes there.. basically thought "differences" (which could add, if the item from the cue has negative information as compared to the existing connections) its shape to stimulous it focuses on, thus encoding itself onto the items as they are put in the queue, effecting the way the nuerons in permanent memory get connected since its exactly their content that promotes the relevant connections per the process described above.
Darwinian Competition again. Think rising and falling populations of competing animals and you'll be getting there. There are many conditions that could apply to which competing 'animal' survives. In fact, it's not a 'there can be only one' type situation. The concept (pattern (pattern of patterns?)) need merely to reach a sufficient size. A loud enough voice in the choir to be accepted and shuffled on to the next stage of processing. Remember that the brains ultimate function is to move it along. ;-)
Egads!! Another long-ass post. I told you it was complicated, didn't I? I think it's shaping up though. What about you?
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