The beginning of the universe. Even all scientists believe that the present universe can't be eternal. Hence many theories have been constructed such as the big bang theory and theories about how the galaxies, stars, solar system and Earth were formed.
Life on Earth can't be eternal as the limited energy reserves of the sun prevent it. It can't have been warming us infinitely, otherwise its energy reserves would have already failed. Without the sun the temperature on Earth would be almost –273 degrees celcius i.e. a state in which everything would be frozen and life couldn't be possible.
The big bang theory is clearly the most common theory about the beginning of the universe. According to it, from one small point the volume of which was perhaps only the size of the point of a needle, the present universe came into existence: billions of galaxies, hundreds of billions of stars, the warming sun, the Earth and other planets, the mountains, seas and rivers, trees, fish, mankind, mosquitoes, birds, giraffes… A lot of faith is required to believe that all these things came from such a small space.
The birth of galaxies and stars have been the subject of discussion and the fact that gas would have suddenly started condensing and gathering into large objects is problematic. Many deny this theory. Anything, from which the revolving and rotary movements (which can be observed everywhere in space) were formed are problematic because the big bang couldn't have caused them.
Detecting the birth of these celestial bodies nowadays is also problematic. If the galaxies and stars were formed during a period of 10 – 20 billion years, according to it, every year an average of 10 new galaxies and 1000 billion new stars should be formed. Why can their birth not be detected?
In the birth of the solar system the composition of the planets and their composition compared to their moons and the sun are problematic. For example, the small inner planets are solid and composed of heavy elements while there are only light elements such as hydrogen and helium in the sun.
In addition to this, the atmospheres and movements of the planets and the moons are problematic as they are not uniform.
The birth of life . As for the question of the birth of life, there is still an abyss between the living and the lifeless material. Life has not been able to be created in laboratories, but only the materials which are connected with it. In fact, a dead body contains just the right materials, but there is no life in it.
The life birth experiments require an atmosphere free from oxygen, but the Precambrian rocks indicate there having been oxygenated iron minerals in them, in other words, there was free oxygen back then. It would also be strange if there hadn't been oxygen as there was water and water vapour together with hydrogen in those days. The composition of the atmosphere in the beginning should have also been just the opposite compared to the current; for then there was a lack oxygen and instead there was hydrogen, while the current atmosphere is opposite to this.
Another great problem in the life birth experiments is also that the water surplus would have immediately dispersed combinations back to their structural elements and the formation of proteins couldn't have succeeded.
The remains of the Cambrian period and other fossils. According to a common view, evolution has gone from a simple beginning to more and more complicated forms. However, for example the remains of the Cambrian period appear in the layers suddenly, plentifully and fully prepared and developed without simpler forms having preceded them.
Other intermediate fossils – with their half developed wings, hands, feet and senses – are missing too, even though there should be plenty of them in the ground. In the same way, observing similar intermediate fossils is difficult also nowadays.
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are two cell types, between which no intermediate forms have been discovered, but there is a steep border between them. The latter of them have a nucleus and are about 1000 times larger than prokaryotes.
Multicellulars . There is no clear proof of multicellulars having evolved from monocellurars. Their birth is still an enigma.
The evolution of plants . Plants appear in the layers suddenly and fully developed, and it is difficult to find any preceding simpler evolution phase from the layers.
Moving from the sea onto land is a problem as how could the fish breathe, eat and reproduce on dry land?
From small to big . How was it possible for an organism the size of a bacterium or a fly to change into an elephant or other big animal?
Complicated organs such as breathing, blood circulation, digestive system and reproductive organs are problematic, if they were not ready immediately. Extinction would have been an immediate consequence.
On the other hand, the fossils found from the earth are not half- but fully developed.
Mutations . Mutations and natural selection are believed to be the factors that forward evolution.
The mutation experiments that have been made millions and millions of times for example with the banana fly have indicated that no new species has been formed. The banana fly has not changed for example into a wasp, worm or butterfly, but there are certain barriers that cannot be crossed.
Natural selection is the second factor to supposedly forward evolution. It can't, however, create anything new but it selects only from that which is old and ready. In addition to this, selection carried out by man i.e. refining, has indicated that there are certain barriers that are impossible to cross.
Archaeopteryx is used as one of the best proofs of evolution and as the intermediate form between lizards and birds. However, other birds have been found from "millions of years older" layers, and therefore it can't be the progenitor of them or an intermediate form.
The evolution series of the horse are not from the same overlapping layers, but they were collected even from different continents. Nothing proves that they are in a descending relationship with each other. Remains of the modern horse have been uncovered from older layers than the bones of Eohippus i.e. based on this Eohippus can't be the progenitor of the modern horse.
The peppered moth and bacteria that have been used as convincing arguments of evolution are, as a matter of fact, the same species all the time. For example, there is a difference only in the number of dark and light modifications of the peppered moth, but the species remains the same – such as there are long and short, black and white people. The bacteria are also not changing into other species, but it is only a question of bacteria with better resisting power and an increase in their populations.
Rudiments are one of the things which may have been used as important proof of evolution, even though nowadays it has been noted that almost all of them have their own important task. On the other hand, rudiments are not proof of evolution but of regression. Real evolution occurs only if new and useful organs are formed.
The evolution of an embryo and similar early stages are not necessarily proof of evolution. A surprise would be, rather, if all the organisms had quite different early stages. The seeds of plants can resemble each other a lot, but they still grow into very different plants.
Similar structures (in feet, hands) proves that animals were made for the same world; it is not necessarily proof of evolution. A bat wouldn't be a bat and a horse a horse if their limbs were different. What kind of a structure should animals have then and what benefit would it be to them if they were very different?
The similarity of blood has also been used as proof of evolution. However, according to it the whale and the tiger should be close relatives, such as also a man and a rat.
The Australopithecus which is regarded as a progenitor of man is, based on its skull form and on its size, clearly ape-like. The volume of its brain (400 cm3) is the same as of the modern chimpanzees and gorillas. Many researchers deny its position as a progenitor of man.
For many decades the Java Man was regarded as the most important find in this area . However, the found parts - a piece of a skull, 3 teeth and a left femur (thighbone) - were located at a distance of 15 metres from each other at best, and the sixth part i.e. a part of a mandible (jawbone) was found from the other side of the island at a distance of about 40 kilometres from the other parts. Also, in the area of the first find relics of 27 different other animals were found.
In addition to this, Eugene Dubois, who made the finds, himself said many years later that the piece of skull was the skull of a Gibbon. He also stated that bones clearly belonging to modern man were discovered from the same layers.
The Pildtown man , which for a long time was regarded as the second most important find after the Java Man and about whom over 500 dissertations were written, was a fake.
The slight evidence . It is said that there are more researchers than fossils and that all the evidence could fit in a coffin and there would still be space left over.
Modern people in older layers . One remarkable point is that several times remains of modern people have been uncovered from layers older than their fossilised forefathers – i.e. they must have been at least as old as these "old forefathers".
Lady Guadeloupe and the Calaveras-skull are examples of this. They completely resemble the remains of modern man, but they were found from layers the age of which was "25-28 million years", in other words they should be many times older than their fossilised forefathers.
The use of language is not proof of evolution, but of regression. Every known primitive tribe has its own grammar and the vocabulary of thousands of words.
The interpretation value of the red shift has been used to support the old age of the universe. However, it is significant that the retreating value was previously regarded only about a tenth of the current value. This means that the universe would have been ten times younger than the current supposed age.
The small amount of space dust for instance on the moon and on the Earth proves that they can't be tremendously old. If this nickel-ferrous dust had landed onto the moon and the Earth for about 5 billion years there should be about 50-200 meters (54-218 yards) of it on their surfaces. In fact, on the moon there is only about a few millimetres of it, which proves against long periods.
Comets. We know that most comets break down into dust during about 10,000 years. On the other hand, the fact that there still is comet movement and that there is no clear proof of the birth of new comets indicate that they cannot be 5 billion years old.
The Earth' s magnetic field loses half of its strength at intervals of about 1400 years. If the weakening of the magnetic field had continued like this for 50,000 years, then its strength would have previously been like that of a white dwarf star.
The sun's speed of contraction is, according to some examinations, about 0,1 % per century i.e. almost 38 metres per day. This would have made life on Earth impossible already less than a million years ago.
The moon drawing away . The moon is calculated to draw away from the Earth about 4,5 centimetres (1.7 inches) every year. According to these calculations the moon should have even been completely attached to the Earth about 1,4 billion years ago.
The oil pressure in oil wells indicates that their ages are 10,000 years at most.
The accumulation of sediments into river deltas and the flow of minerals into the sea are some ways to measure time. These observations don't indicate an age of billions of years but readings that are smaller many-fold i.e. from a few hundred years to some millions of years.
History of mankind . The earliest notes about the history of mankind reach only about 5000 years back in time. In addition to this, archaeological finds indicate that things like using metals, ceramics, buildings, the ability to write and farming have all come into the world simultaneously only some thousands of years ago.
Increase in population. If there were people already 16,000 years ago, and according to the present population increase, there should be about 1 099 510,000 000 people on the planet now, which is almost 200 times larger than the real figure. According to the same population increase there should have been about 5 million residents 4000 years ago, which seems to be quite a plausible estimate.
Radioactive measurements are based on assumptions that can't be proved. The best method is carbon-14 dating (organic specimens), but the Earth's magnetic field can distort the figures so that they look older than what they in fact are.
The results from these methods have varied greatly; the measured contents of stones i.e. the assumed ages, are very different (For example, the age for the Grand Canyon's "young" top most basalt strata was measured to be 270 million years more than the "thousands of millions of years old" stone stratum at the bottom of the canyon.) The contents of stones aren't necessarily in any connection with the real age.
The Earth's strata. According to the theory of evolution the Earth's strata was formed during millions of years. However, observations indicate them having formed quickly, because…
- Long tree trunks- and other fossils going through "millions of years old" strata have been uncovered. Certainly these trees are not millions of years old, but ground masses (resulting from the Flood?) have formed around them very quickly, perhaps only in a few days.
- During St Helen's volcanic eruption in 1980 a series of overlapping strata, the thickness of which was at best almost two hundred metres, formed only in a period of a few weeks. Millions of years were not needed for this, but only a few days.
- The fact that there is no erosion between the strata indicates that they formed over each other in quite a short time and not during millions of years.
- Another clear proof of the layers' fast stratification are the fossils in them. They can't form in any other way except by being buried very quickly as otherwise the plants and animals would have putrefied quickly or other animals would have eaten them. The Flood mentioned in the Bible could certainly best explain such a burying as this doesn't occur in normal conditions. Generally, researchers admit that the formation of fossils and strata can be best explained by natural disasters.
- The finds in the strata indicate that the layers can't be millions of years old. For example, a 4000 year old tree and pollen were found from the very oldest Precambrian stratum. On the other hand, items and skulls belonging to man have been discovered from "300 million year old" coal seams i.e. a time that was long before dinosaurs. Also, human skeletons from cretaceous sediments and footprints from "250 million year old" strata have been uncovered from several different places. If the strata are really this old man must also have lived then, but hardly any scientist believes in such a possibility.
Also, the remains of a trilobite were discovered under a child's footprint and under a sandal. These animals are believed to have died already long before the dinosaurs.
The geological chart is another way of finding out age. It is, however, good to notice that from no part of the world has any perfect stratigraphic sequence been found, but only parts of the sequence. For example, only five of the twelve most important strata have been found from the Grand Canyon.
The strata are also mostly in the incorrect order, many "old" strata being on top of the "younger" ones (the Alps, Pakistan, Grand Canyon), even though they should be the other way around.
It is also good to notice that this chart was originally compiled in an area which covers only a small part of the Earth and made during a time when people didn't know much about fossils in the ground.
Periods of millions of years or ecological compartments? The fossils, found from the ground, neither prove the evolution from sea onto land nor the order of evolution (1. trilobites and other organisms many of which lived on silty sea bottoms, 2. fish, 3. amphibians, 4. reptiles , 5. birds and mammals) but, rather, prove of ecological compartments and not of them having lived at different times.
Even nowadays there are sea-, marsh-, highland-, mountain- and other corresponding zones in which different animals live. It would be rather a surprise if trilobites and other animals at the bottom of the sea had lived on dry land or in the mountains. It would also be a surprise if bears, cows and other mammals had lived on the sea-beds – it certainly wouldn't have worked out. In other words, these animals can have lived simultaneously but only in different zones. Trilobites and other animals at the bottom of the sea would be buried in the lowest layers also nowadays, while the amphibia, reptiles, mammals and birds would be left above them. The places they were discovered in are not proof of evolution or that they had lived at different times on Earth, but only proves of ecological compartments.
The living fossils indicate that while determining the age of something one can make an error of millions of years .
