icarus2
Registered Senior Member
Hello
I’m sorry. I can’t English well. My native language is not English.
Important Report on the Dark Energy and Gravitational Potential Energy
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GUpiH3jsCnA <== view to Video Simulation!
[Abstract]
Gravity is the force conquering the structure of the universe. By recognizing the components of the universe, we are estimating the quantity of components composing the universe through size of gravity and gravitational potential energy (GPE).
In this paper, it is being shown that the universe can be created and expanded through pair creation of positive energy (mass) and negative energy (mass) from zero energy condition.
Also, GPE is composed by 3 units of $$U_{+ +}$$, $$U_{--}$$, and $$U_{-+}$$ when negative and positive energy exists, $$U_{-+}$$ (GPE between negative mass and positive mass) has positive values and is the component that makes repulsive gravitational effect. $$U_{-+}$$ corresponds with the inner energy of the system and can be interpreted as dark energy.
Also, situations in which $$U_{-+}$$ has much higher value than $$|U_{ - - } + U_{ + + }|$$ depending on the distribution of negative mass and positive mass is possible.
This doesn't mean that 72.3% of dark energy independently exists, but means that explanation from GPE occurring from 4.6% of negative energy, which is the same as 4.6% of positive energy, is possible. Moreover, 4.6% of negative energy is the energy which is inevitably required from zero energy, which is the most natural total energy value in the universe.
This discovery implies that our belief that size of gravity and size of components of the universe would always 1:1 correspond was wrong.
I. Introduction
Gravity is the force conquering the structure of the universe. By recognizing the components of the universe, we are estimating the quantity of components composing the universe through size of gravity and GPE.
In estimating some kind of unknown energy quantity of universe components, gravity has been a crucial part. For example, if the universe is composed of some materials and these materials are always moving in equal velocity, unknown repulsive energy to offset this attraction was needed and it was assumed that the size of this energy is the same as the size of the energy of materials and the direction should be the opposite.
From the observation on accelerating expansion of the universe in 1998, we assumed that a repulsive energy bigger than the total energy of visible matter need to exist and called this dark energy. Also, this dark energy has been accepted as an independent energy different from matter or dark matter
We have trusted the above analysis on gravity and GPE had clear validity.
However, through current numerical computation, we found that there was possibility of severe errors in this analysis through gravitational effect.
Negative mass is stable at the state of high energy. So the “problem of the transition of the energy level of minus infinity” does not occur, and thus positive mass and negative mass can exist in the same space-time
In this paper, we show that the universe led to the current structure of the universe, if we assume pair creation of positive energy and negative energy in the early universe.
We looked for size of GPE when negative and positive energy (mass) both exist and try to explain this GPE value regarding to the current size of dark energy.
II. Birth of the universe from zero energy state
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYEPbCpkLa8
This is a computer simulation that shows you that the universe led to the current structure of the universe with pair creation of positive energy and negative energy from the zero energy state.
III. Significant characteristics of dark energy and gravitational potential energy
A. Simulation background and method
1) Physical background
a)Initial energy value of the universe
It looks more natural when an initial energy value of universe is 0. Therefore, negative energy is needed to offset positive energy of matters.
If there was pair creation of positive and negative energy in the beginning of the universe, it is estimated that the total value of all positive energy will totally offset the total energy of all negative energy. If we consider only rest mass energy and GPE, the relation below will be valid.
$$E_T = 0 = ( + E) + ( - E) = 0 = \sum {( + m_ + c^2 ) + } \sum {( - m_ - c^2 ) + } \sum {U = 0}$$
$$(m_ + > 0,m_ - > 0)$$
b) $$m_- = m_+$$
The size of $$m_+$$ and $$m_-$$ can be a different during pair creation but this paper has purpose in showing possibility of various GPE values depending on the placement of particles which are pair produced, so the case in which $$m_+$$ is equal to $$m_-$$ will be looked into.
c) Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE)
If negative mass and positive mass coexist, GPE consists of the below three items.
$$U_T = U_{ - + } + U_{ - - } + U_{ + + }$$
$$U_T = \sum\limits_{i,j}^{i = j = n} {( - \frac{{G( - m_{ - i} )m_{ + j} }}{{r_{ - + ij} }})} + \sum\limits_{i,j,j > i}^{i = j = n} {( - \frac{{G( - m_{ - i} )( - m_{ - j} )}}{{r_{ - - ij} }})} + \sum\limits_{i,j,j > i}^{i = j = n} {( - \frac{{Gm_{ + i} m_{ + j} }}{{r_{ + + ij} }})}$$
$$U_T = \sum\limits_{i,j}^{i = j = n} {( + \frac{{Gm_{ - i} m_{ + j} }}{{r_{ - + ij} }})} + \sum\limits_{i,j,j > i}^{i = j = n} {( - \frac{{Gm_{ - i} m_{ - j} }}{{r_{ - - ij} }})} + \sum\limits_{i,j,j > i}^{i = j = n} {( - \frac{{Gm_{ + i} m_{ + j} }}{{r_{ + + ij} }})}$$
GPE between positive masses are negative value.
$$U_{ + + } = \sum\limits_{i,j,j > i}^{i = j = n} {( - \frac{{Gm_{ + i} m_{ + j} }}{{r_{ + + ij} }})}$$
GPE between negative masses are negative value.
$$U_{ - - } = \sum\limits_{i,j,j > i}^{i = j = n} {( - \frac{{Gm_{ - i} m_{ - j} }}{{r_{ - - ij} }})}$$
GPE between positive mass and negative mass are positive value.
$$U_{ - + } = \sum\limits_{i,j}^{i = j = n} {( + \frac{{Gm_{ - i} m_{ + j} }}{{r_{ - + ij} }})}$$
When the number of negative mass is $$n_-$$, and the number of positive mass is $$n_+$$, total potential energy is given as follows.
$$U_T = (n_ - \times n_ + )U_{ - + } + (\frac{{n_ - (n_ - - 1)}}{2}U_{ - - } + \frac{{n_ + (n_ + - 1)}}{2}U_{ + + } )$$
For example, two pairs exist.
$$U_T = (U_1 + U_2 + U_3 + U_4 ) + (U_5 + U_6 )= 4U_{ - + } + 1U_{ - - } + 1U_{ + + }$$
Gravitational potential shows significant characteristic when negative mass and positive mass both exist. While $$n^2$$ positive gravitational potential is produced above, $$n^{2}-n$$ negative gravitational potential are produced. Therefore, total GPE can have various values.
d)Vacuum Energy
Vacuum energy value which is currently known is an energy value that is too big. If this vacuum energy exists, it is difficult to explain why it isn't easily found around us.
In the hypothesis of the pair creation of negative mass and positive mass, Vacuum energy will become exactly 0 because vacuum is the space in which pair creation and pair annihilation of positive and negative energy occurs.
e)Characteristics of the negative mass
For characteristics of the negative mass, refer to below video.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jlDl9w8ariI
2)Simulation Program
To look into the characteristic of GPE, we used the simulation program named Gravitation3D made by Roice Nelson.
3)Simulation setting
a)Definition of parameter
A few parameters were needed to be defined for simulation.
Distance between pair creation negative energy and positive energy(distance of 1 pair) : $$d_0$$
Minimum distance between particle pairs for density modification during pair creation : $$d_m$$
Radius of pair creation range : $$R_0$$=500
Particle number of pair creation : $$N_0$$=2000ea (1000 pair)
b)Finding mean value
Through Gravitation3D program, 1000 particle pairs (total 2,000ea particles) were produced by random and one mean value (GPE) of each distance value was found 5 times each.
c)Verification on program
To check if the calculated results of the program were correct, we calculated the GPE when 1, 2, and 3 pairs (consist of 15ea potentials) of particles existed by hand and confirmed that this value corresponded to the calculated results of the program.
B. Results of simulation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GUpiH3jsCnA
1) Distance=0.01
It was found out that $$U_{ - + }$$ value having positive value could be much higher than $$|U_{ + + } + U_{ - - } |$$. Thus, even though the size of positive mass and negative mass was equal, it could be known that repulsive GPE could be much higher than attractive GPE.
2) Distance =0.10
We will describe that an unknown repulsive energy $$U_{ - + }$$ higher that attraction of visible matter exists for the energy value of above.
I’m sorry. I can’t English well. My native language is not English.
Important Report on the Dark Energy and Gravitational Potential Energy
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GUpiH3jsCnA <== view to Video Simulation!
[Abstract]
Gravity is the force conquering the structure of the universe. By recognizing the components of the universe, we are estimating the quantity of components composing the universe through size of gravity and gravitational potential energy (GPE).
In this paper, it is being shown that the universe can be created and expanded through pair creation of positive energy (mass) and negative energy (mass) from zero energy condition.
Also, GPE is composed by 3 units of $$U_{+ +}$$, $$U_{--}$$, and $$U_{-+}$$ when negative and positive energy exists, $$U_{-+}$$ (GPE between negative mass and positive mass) has positive values and is the component that makes repulsive gravitational effect. $$U_{-+}$$ corresponds with the inner energy of the system and can be interpreted as dark energy.
Also, situations in which $$U_{-+}$$ has much higher value than $$|U_{ - - } + U_{ + + }|$$ depending on the distribution of negative mass and positive mass is possible.
This doesn't mean that 72.3% of dark energy independently exists, but means that explanation from GPE occurring from 4.6% of negative energy, which is the same as 4.6% of positive energy, is possible. Moreover, 4.6% of negative energy is the energy which is inevitably required from zero energy, which is the most natural total energy value in the universe.
This discovery implies that our belief that size of gravity and size of components of the universe would always 1:1 correspond was wrong.
I. Introduction
Gravity is the force conquering the structure of the universe. By recognizing the components of the universe, we are estimating the quantity of components composing the universe through size of gravity and GPE.
In estimating some kind of unknown energy quantity of universe components, gravity has been a crucial part. For example, if the universe is composed of some materials and these materials are always moving in equal velocity, unknown repulsive energy to offset this attraction was needed and it was assumed that the size of this energy is the same as the size of the energy of materials and the direction should be the opposite.
From the observation on accelerating expansion of the universe in 1998, we assumed that a repulsive energy bigger than the total energy of visible matter need to exist and called this dark energy. Also, this dark energy has been accepted as an independent energy different from matter or dark matter
We have trusted the above analysis on gravity and GPE had clear validity.
However, through current numerical computation, we found that there was possibility of severe errors in this analysis through gravitational effect.
Negative mass is stable at the state of high energy. So the “problem of the transition of the energy level of minus infinity” does not occur, and thus positive mass and negative mass can exist in the same space-time
In this paper, we show that the universe led to the current structure of the universe, if we assume pair creation of positive energy and negative energy in the early universe.
We looked for size of GPE when negative and positive energy (mass) both exist and try to explain this GPE value regarding to the current size of dark energy.
II. Birth of the universe from zero energy state
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYEPbCpkLa8
This is a computer simulation that shows you that the universe led to the current structure of the universe with pair creation of positive energy and negative energy from the zero energy state.
III. Significant characteristics of dark energy and gravitational potential energy
A. Simulation background and method
1) Physical background
a)Initial energy value of the universe
It looks more natural when an initial energy value of universe is 0. Therefore, negative energy is needed to offset positive energy of matters.
If there was pair creation of positive and negative energy in the beginning of the universe, it is estimated that the total value of all positive energy will totally offset the total energy of all negative energy. If we consider only rest mass energy and GPE, the relation below will be valid.
$$E_T = 0 = ( + E) + ( - E) = 0 = \sum {( + m_ + c^2 ) + } \sum {( - m_ - c^2 ) + } \sum {U = 0}$$
$$(m_ + > 0,m_ - > 0)$$
b) $$m_- = m_+$$
The size of $$m_+$$ and $$m_-$$ can be a different during pair creation but this paper has purpose in showing possibility of various GPE values depending on the placement of particles which are pair produced, so the case in which $$m_+$$ is equal to $$m_-$$ will be looked into.
c) Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE)
If negative mass and positive mass coexist, GPE consists of the below three items.
$$U_T = U_{ - + } + U_{ - - } + U_{ + + }$$
$$U_T = \sum\limits_{i,j}^{i = j = n} {( - \frac{{G( - m_{ - i} )m_{ + j} }}{{r_{ - + ij} }})} + \sum\limits_{i,j,j > i}^{i = j = n} {( - \frac{{G( - m_{ - i} )( - m_{ - j} )}}{{r_{ - - ij} }})} + \sum\limits_{i,j,j > i}^{i = j = n} {( - \frac{{Gm_{ + i} m_{ + j} }}{{r_{ + + ij} }})}$$
$$U_T = \sum\limits_{i,j}^{i = j = n} {( + \frac{{Gm_{ - i} m_{ + j} }}{{r_{ - + ij} }})} + \sum\limits_{i,j,j > i}^{i = j = n} {( - \frac{{Gm_{ - i} m_{ - j} }}{{r_{ - - ij} }})} + \sum\limits_{i,j,j > i}^{i = j = n} {( - \frac{{Gm_{ + i} m_{ + j} }}{{r_{ + + ij} }})}$$
GPE between positive masses are negative value.
$$U_{ + + } = \sum\limits_{i,j,j > i}^{i = j = n} {( - \frac{{Gm_{ + i} m_{ + j} }}{{r_{ + + ij} }})}$$
GPE between negative masses are negative value.
$$U_{ - - } = \sum\limits_{i,j,j > i}^{i = j = n} {( - \frac{{Gm_{ - i} m_{ - j} }}{{r_{ - - ij} }})}$$
GPE between positive mass and negative mass are positive value.
$$U_{ - + } = \sum\limits_{i,j}^{i = j = n} {( + \frac{{Gm_{ - i} m_{ + j} }}{{r_{ - + ij} }})}$$
When the number of negative mass is $$n_-$$, and the number of positive mass is $$n_+$$, total potential energy is given as follows.
$$U_T = (n_ - \times n_ + )U_{ - + } + (\frac{{n_ - (n_ - - 1)}}{2}U_{ - - } + \frac{{n_ + (n_ + - 1)}}{2}U_{ + + } )$$
For example, two pairs exist.
$$U_T = (U_1 + U_2 + U_3 + U_4 ) + (U_5 + U_6 )= 4U_{ - + } + 1U_{ - - } + 1U_{ + + }$$
Gravitational potential shows significant characteristic when negative mass and positive mass both exist. While $$n^2$$ positive gravitational potential is produced above, $$n^{2}-n$$ negative gravitational potential are produced. Therefore, total GPE can have various values.
d)Vacuum Energy
Vacuum energy value which is currently known is an energy value that is too big. If this vacuum energy exists, it is difficult to explain why it isn't easily found around us.
In the hypothesis of the pair creation of negative mass and positive mass, Vacuum energy will become exactly 0 because vacuum is the space in which pair creation and pair annihilation of positive and negative energy occurs.
e)Characteristics of the negative mass
For characteristics of the negative mass, refer to below video.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jlDl9w8ariI
2)Simulation Program
To look into the characteristic of GPE, we used the simulation program named Gravitation3D made by Roice Nelson.
3)Simulation setting
a)Definition of parameter
A few parameters were needed to be defined for simulation.
Distance between pair creation negative energy and positive energy(distance of 1 pair) : $$d_0$$
Minimum distance between particle pairs for density modification during pair creation : $$d_m$$
Radius of pair creation range : $$R_0$$=500
Particle number of pair creation : $$N_0$$=2000ea (1000 pair)
b)Finding mean value
Through Gravitation3D program, 1000 particle pairs (total 2,000ea particles) were produced by random and one mean value (GPE) of each distance value was found 5 times each.
c)Verification on program
To check if the calculated results of the program were correct, we calculated the GPE when 1, 2, and 3 pairs (consist of 15ea potentials) of particles existed by hand and confirmed that this value corresponded to the calculated results of the program.
B. Results of simulation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GUpiH3jsCnA
1) Distance=0.01
It was found out that $$U_{ - + }$$ value having positive value could be much higher than $$|U_{ + + } + U_{ - - } |$$. Thus, even though the size of positive mass and negative mass was equal, it could be known that repulsive GPE could be much higher than attractive GPE.
2) Distance =0.10
We will describe that an unknown repulsive energy $$U_{ - + }$$ higher that attraction of visible matter exists for the energy value of above.
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