Oh dear, there are so many misconceptions and misunderstandings in this thread that I don’t know where to begin.
Firstly, people need to distinguish between embryonic stem (ES) cells and “adult” stem cells. ES cells are a special type of stem cell that can give rise to all the cell types of the body. (Actually, a more accurate statement is that ES cells can give rise to cells of <B><I>all three germ layers</I></B>, but I won’t digress on that point here.) This is the reason why they are (potentially) so valuable to medical science because they might be used to replace the cells that are lost from a large variety of different degenerative diseases as well as acute injuries. The replacement cells might come from <I>in vitro</I> culturing of ES cells of from the <I>in vivo</I> transplantation of ES cells.
Now, ES cells are only present during a narrow window of very early embryonic development. They are present during a stage of embryo development known as the <B><I>blastocyst</I></B> stage which, in humans, occurs about one week after fertilization. The developing embryo is known as a blastocyst when it is a hollow ball of a few hundred cells. Inside the blastocyst are about a dozen ES cells. Shortly after the blastocyst stage, a human embryo implants into the uterine wall of the womb. From this stage onwards all the ES cells are gone – they have differentiated into more lineage restricted stem cells types of the three germ layers.
<I><U>So the take-home message is that ES cells can only be extracted from a blastocyst. They cannot be obtained from later foetal tissue, such as tissue from an abortion. Thus, the <B<>only</B> source of human ES cells are leftover blastocysts from IVF treatments or from blastocysts created by nuclear transfer cloning</U></I>.
Now, “adult” stem cells are another matter. Basically, most of the tissues of our body have stem cells that divide to produce new cells to replace old ones. They are the only immortal cells in our body. These “adult” stem cells are different to ES cells in that they are lineage restricted ie. they produce only one type of cell that is appropriate for the tissue in which they reside. (Actually, sometimes adult stem cells can produce 2 or 3 different lineages, but even so the different cell types in still restricted to one particular tissue type.)
Basically, any stem cell that is not an ES cell is an “adult” stem cell and is lineage restricted. So the stem cells that are extracted from umbilical cords are not ES cells even though they come from a new born baby. (Umbilical cord stem cells are hematopoietic stem cells that produce the various blood cell lineages.)
It is common for the religiously brainwashed to (erroneously) argue that the use of adult stem cells in therapeutic treatments make the use of ES cells unnecessary. They say this because they are opposed to the destruction of spare IVF embryos during the isolation of ES cells. Of course, excess embryos are always created during the IVF procedure and these excess embryos are destined for destruction anyway, so why not use them for the benefit of all? Scientists using spare IVF embryos for stem cell research are not causing the destruction of any more embryos than would otherwise occur. It is a testament to the illogical viewpoint of the religiously brainwashed that many of the people who argue against ES cell research have no problem with IVF for infertile couples even though the later results in the destruction of more embryos than medical research could ever achieve.
The fact of the matter is that, at present, adult stem cell technology cannot replace the need for ES cell research. They are difficult to isolate from an adult person. In fact, only hematopoietic stem cells from the bone marrow can be routinely isolated from an adult person. Furthermore, as discussed above, adult stem cells give rise to only one type of cell and, thus, are very limited in their therapeutic potential. The use of adult stem cells has one great advantage in therapeutic treatments – if they can be extracted from a patient then they are a perfect genetic match for that patient. ES cells (and any cells derived from them <I>in vitro</I>) will not be a match for a patient and any such therapy will need to be accompanied by anti-rejection medication. Of course, cloning by nuclear transfer (so-called “therapeutic cloning”) is the way around this ie. clone a cell from a patient, let it develop into a blastocyst, then extract the ES cells from the blastocyst which will be a perfect match.
The use of stem cells of any type is very much in its infancy and scientists need to work with both ES cells and adult stem cells in order to derive the best possible treatments.<P>