icarus2
Registered Senior Member
Dark matter and dark energy come from one origin-1
[ Dark Energy ]
fig10.
caption : Expansion of the universe by negative mass distribution.
The force, which is applied to the galaxy and galaxy cluster and located within radius R from the center of a 3-dimensional space, when assuming equal distribution of negative mass from repulsive effects between negative masses across space is valid.
As considered the problem of the gravity at the point placed on arbitrary radius R of spherical object like the earth that mass is uniformly distributed, the gravity by mass distribution out of radius R is offset each other, and there is only the gravity effect by mass within radius R. If negative mass was born at the beginning of universe together with positive mass, it should be uniformly distributed in universe by repulsion between negative mass. Of course, there can be difference in negative mass density owing to the local distribution of massive positive mass.
For the gravity effect that almost uniformly distributed negative mass has on positive mass(galaxy or galaxy cluster) located in radius R from the center of universe(3-dimensional center), negative mass within radius R only has the gravity effect on positive mass located within radius R, and at this time, positive mass is accelerated in the direction of begin far away from negative mass.
The direction that positive mass becomes farther from negative mass is in keeping with the direction of cosmic expansion, and also negative mass continuously works the force, so finally positive mass is gradually accelerated. As examined in Chapter II, in the description of the force of positive mass and negative mass, the force is repulsion(the direction of +R), and integrated potential energy is positive value. Therefore, the assumption of the existence of negative mass can suggest the explanation of repulsive effect required for cosmic expansion, and the accompanying positive dark energy.
The hypothesis of dark matter and dark energy with negative mass insists that dark matter is not different from dark energy each other, dark matter is the effect of centripetal force by negative mass out of galaxy, and dark energy is that positive potential term in total potential energy, and total potential energy has positive value at now. So universe has accelerating expansion.
Accordingly, if we calculate the distribution and mean density of negative mass that describes rotation velocity within galaxy, and explain accelerating expansion of current universe with the size of potential energy that has positive value by this negative mass, we can prove the hypothesis that negative mass is the origin of dark matter and dark energy.
3-1) Negative mass has observed, but it was trashed away
In 1998 year, observation by HSS(The High-z Supernova Search team) team and SCP team(Supernova Cosmology Project team), I have seen a calculation that if the cosmological constant is 0,
$$\Omega _M = -0.38( \pm 0.22)$$
It means that they got a negative mass density from inspected field equation during 70years.
HSS team: http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9805201:14P 26, 29 lines
However, HSS team and SCP team have asserted that cosmological constant must be revival. Because $$\Omega _M$$ must not be negative value in they thought.
They did not know that negative mass is stable at the maximum point!
In case of negative mass, ground state is a point that energy is the highest. Accordingly, in the world of negative mass, energy level is filled from the highest to the lowest, and stable state means the highest energy state, so the catastrophe to energy level of minus infinity never happens even if negative mass spontaneously emits energy.(Refer to II-3)
We must to know that not the equation(Einstein's Field Equation) has disposed the value, but our thought disposed that value.
Einstein said that cosmological constant was my biggest mistake, because it was inserted artificially.
In hypothesis with negative mass,
$$E_ T $$ = positive mass(4.6) + negative mass(y) + 0$$\Lambda$$(72.1)
(negative mass $$ \ge $$ positive mass, cosmological constant Λ = 0 )
$$E_ T $$ = positive mass( x ) + negative mass( 5.1 x ) + $$U_T$$
We assume over 50% of the dark matter as negative mass.
3-2) Age of universe
If cosmological constant Λ=0 and mass density of universe is negative value Ω_M = -0.38, to get the age of the universe.
From Friedmann equation,
$$
t_0 = \frac{1}{{H_0 }}\int_0^1 {\frac{{xdx}}{{\sqrt {\Omega _M x + \Omega _R + \Omega _\Lambda x^4 + \Omega _K x^2 } }}}
$$
$$
\Omega _M = - 0.38( \pm 0.22)$$, $$ \Omega _R h^2 \approx 4.16 \times 10^{ - 5}$$,$$\Omega _\Lambda = 0$$
Use to $$\Omega _K = 1 - \Omega _\Lambda - \Omega _M $$=1.38 , $$H_0 = 100h$$ km/s/Mpc, h=0.701
define to $$\Omega _K = a,\Omega _M = b,\Omega _R = c$$,
$$
\frac{1}{{H_0 }}\int_0^1 {\frac{{xdx}}{{\sqrt {\Omega _K x^2 + \Omega _M x + \Omega _R } }}} = \frac{1}{{H_0 }}\int_0^1 {\frac{{xdx}}{{\sqrt {ax^2 + bx + c} }}}
$$
$$
t_0 = \frac{1}{{H_0 }}\left[ {\frac{{\sqrt {ax^2 + bx + c} }}{a} - \frac{b}{{2a}}\int_0^1 {\frac{{dx}}{{\sqrt {ax^2 + bx + c} }}} } \right]
$$
$$
t_0 = \frac{1}{{H_0 }}\left[ {\frac{{\sqrt {ax^2 + bx + c} }}{a}} \right]_0^1
$$
$$
- \frac{1}{{H_0 }}\left[ {\frac{b}{{2a}}\frac{1}{{\sqrt a }}\ln (2\sqrt a \sqrt {ax^2 + bx + c} + 2ax + b)} \right]_0^1 \\
$$
$$
t_{0}=14.225 Gyr
$$
This value is approach to the t=13.73 Gyr calculated in a WMAP.(+3.6% large) considering the very large changes(Λ=0 and $$\Omega _M = -0.38$$; Λ is a coefficient of $$x^4 $$), it seems to increase existence probability of negative mass.
Additionally,
if $$\Omega _M = \Omega _{visible} (4.6) + \Omega _{dark} ( - 23.3) = - 18.7$$,
we get the $$t_0 $$=14.927 Gyr
Universe' age by other method
Radioactive decay method : 15.2 $$ \pm $$ 2.1Gyr,
HR diagram(Hertzsprung-Russel diagram):13.2 $$ \pm $$2Gyr,
The arithmetic mean of two methods is 14.2 $$ \pm $$2.05
So, it(14.225Gyr from negative mass density) is in the range estimated by other observations.
==============
Let’s arrange!
HSS team and SCP team had observed our universe, however they got a negative mass density from field equation.
They are very confused. But, they thought Einstein’s cosmological term(Λ). Wow!
But…,
Although they can be explained that universe is accelerating expansion by insert Λ, they make two new problems at least. Finally, problem has not solved but increased.
What is the origin of cosmological constant? And, what is the reason of that cosmological constant has a special value? Physicist tried to explain with vacuum energy but it was failed.
Also, they have must explained dark matter. But they have not been observed dark matter during 30years at predicted place.
However,
if negative mass density is exist, accelerating expansion is explained rightly.
And I have assert that negative mass(minus mass) can be explained for the dark matter, decelerating expansion and accelerating expansion, fine tuning problem, inflation mechanism, the reason of that dark energy seems to has a small and constant value(like cosmological constant Λ), collision of Bullet cluster.
A certain view :
**************************************************
one person(Icarus2) vs ΛCDM physists after 1998year.(about 50~60%? : relation branch) : No
(Einstein, Direc, Hubble,...Icarus2; Inspected field eq. during 70 years.) vs ( New field eq. supported by 50~60% of relation branch physists during 10 years.) : Yes
**************************************************
Therefore please don’t judge by preconception that this hypothesis wrote by someone. Please has an earnest mind to those posts.
Cosmological constant and plus dark matter are not observed as yet.
Accelerating expansion and gravitational effect(centripetal force effect) are only observed.
========
Hypothesis of Dark Matter and Dark Energy with Negative Mass :
http://vixra.org/abs/0907.0015
[ Dark Energy ]
fig10.
caption : Expansion of the universe by negative mass distribution.
The force, which is applied to the galaxy and galaxy cluster and located within radius R from the center of a 3-dimensional space, when assuming equal distribution of negative mass from repulsive effects between negative masses across space is valid.
As considered the problem of the gravity at the point placed on arbitrary radius R of spherical object like the earth that mass is uniformly distributed, the gravity by mass distribution out of radius R is offset each other, and there is only the gravity effect by mass within radius R. If negative mass was born at the beginning of universe together with positive mass, it should be uniformly distributed in universe by repulsion between negative mass. Of course, there can be difference in negative mass density owing to the local distribution of massive positive mass.
For the gravity effect that almost uniformly distributed negative mass has on positive mass(galaxy or galaxy cluster) located in radius R from the center of universe(3-dimensional center), negative mass within radius R only has the gravity effect on positive mass located within radius R, and at this time, positive mass is accelerated in the direction of begin far away from negative mass.
The direction that positive mass becomes farther from negative mass is in keeping with the direction of cosmic expansion, and also negative mass continuously works the force, so finally positive mass is gradually accelerated. As examined in Chapter II, in the description of the force of positive mass and negative mass, the force is repulsion(the direction of +R), and integrated potential energy is positive value. Therefore, the assumption of the existence of negative mass can suggest the explanation of repulsive effect required for cosmic expansion, and the accompanying positive dark energy.
The hypothesis of dark matter and dark energy with negative mass insists that dark matter is not different from dark energy each other, dark matter is the effect of centripetal force by negative mass out of galaxy, and dark energy is that positive potential term in total potential energy, and total potential energy has positive value at now. So universe has accelerating expansion.
Accordingly, if we calculate the distribution and mean density of negative mass that describes rotation velocity within galaxy, and explain accelerating expansion of current universe with the size of potential energy that has positive value by this negative mass, we can prove the hypothesis that negative mass is the origin of dark matter and dark energy.
3-1) Negative mass has observed, but it was trashed away
In 1998 year, observation by HSS(The High-z Supernova Search team) team and SCP team(Supernova Cosmology Project team), I have seen a calculation that if the cosmological constant is 0,
$$\Omega _M = -0.38( \pm 0.22)$$
It means that they got a negative mass density from inspected field equation during 70years.
HSS team: http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9805201:14P 26, 29 lines
However, HSS team and SCP team have asserted that cosmological constant must be revival. Because $$\Omega _M$$ must not be negative value in they thought.
They did not know that negative mass is stable at the maximum point!
In case of negative mass, ground state is a point that energy is the highest. Accordingly, in the world of negative mass, energy level is filled from the highest to the lowest, and stable state means the highest energy state, so the catastrophe to energy level of minus infinity never happens even if negative mass spontaneously emits energy.(Refer to II-3)
We must to know that not the equation(Einstein's Field Equation) has disposed the value, but our thought disposed that value.
Einstein said that cosmological constant was my biggest mistake, because it was inserted artificially.
In hypothesis with negative mass,
$$E_ T $$ = positive mass(4.6) + negative mass(y) + 0$$\Lambda$$(72.1)
(negative mass $$ \ge $$ positive mass, cosmological constant Λ = 0 )
$$E_ T $$ = positive mass( x ) + negative mass( 5.1 x ) + $$U_T$$
We assume over 50% of the dark matter as negative mass.
3-2) Age of universe
If cosmological constant Λ=0 and mass density of universe is negative value Ω_M = -0.38, to get the age of the universe.
From Friedmann equation,
$$
t_0 = \frac{1}{{H_0 }}\int_0^1 {\frac{{xdx}}{{\sqrt {\Omega _M x + \Omega _R + \Omega _\Lambda x^4 + \Omega _K x^2 } }}}
$$
$$
\Omega _M = - 0.38( \pm 0.22)$$, $$ \Omega _R h^2 \approx 4.16 \times 10^{ - 5}$$,$$\Omega _\Lambda = 0$$
Use to $$\Omega _K = 1 - \Omega _\Lambda - \Omega _M $$=1.38 , $$H_0 = 100h$$ km/s/Mpc, h=0.701
define to $$\Omega _K = a,\Omega _M = b,\Omega _R = c$$,
$$
\frac{1}{{H_0 }}\int_0^1 {\frac{{xdx}}{{\sqrt {\Omega _K x^2 + \Omega _M x + \Omega _R } }}} = \frac{1}{{H_0 }}\int_0^1 {\frac{{xdx}}{{\sqrt {ax^2 + bx + c} }}}
$$
$$
t_0 = \frac{1}{{H_0 }}\left[ {\frac{{\sqrt {ax^2 + bx + c} }}{a} - \frac{b}{{2a}}\int_0^1 {\frac{{dx}}{{\sqrt {ax^2 + bx + c} }}} } \right]
$$
$$
t_0 = \frac{1}{{H_0 }}\left[ {\frac{{\sqrt {ax^2 + bx + c} }}{a}} \right]_0^1
$$
$$
- \frac{1}{{H_0 }}\left[ {\frac{b}{{2a}}\frac{1}{{\sqrt a }}\ln (2\sqrt a \sqrt {ax^2 + bx + c} + 2ax + b)} \right]_0^1 \\
$$
$$
t_{0}=14.225 Gyr
$$
This value is approach to the t=13.73 Gyr calculated in a WMAP.(+3.6% large) considering the very large changes(Λ=0 and $$\Omega _M = -0.38$$; Λ is a coefficient of $$x^4 $$), it seems to increase existence probability of negative mass.
Additionally,
if $$\Omega _M = \Omega _{visible} (4.6) + \Omega _{dark} ( - 23.3) = - 18.7$$,
we get the $$t_0 $$=14.927 Gyr
Universe' age by other method
Radioactive decay method : 15.2 $$ \pm $$ 2.1Gyr,
HR diagram(Hertzsprung-Russel diagram):13.2 $$ \pm $$2Gyr,
The arithmetic mean of two methods is 14.2 $$ \pm $$2.05
So, it(14.225Gyr from negative mass density) is in the range estimated by other observations.
==============
Let’s arrange!
HSS team and SCP team had observed our universe, however they got a negative mass density from field equation.
They are very confused. But, they thought Einstein’s cosmological term(Λ). Wow!
But…,
Although they can be explained that universe is accelerating expansion by insert Λ, they make two new problems at least. Finally, problem has not solved but increased.
What is the origin of cosmological constant? And, what is the reason of that cosmological constant has a special value? Physicist tried to explain with vacuum energy but it was failed.
Also, they have must explained dark matter. But they have not been observed dark matter during 30years at predicted place.
However,
if negative mass density is exist, accelerating expansion is explained rightly.
And I have assert that negative mass(minus mass) can be explained for the dark matter, decelerating expansion and accelerating expansion, fine tuning problem, inflation mechanism, the reason of that dark energy seems to has a small and constant value(like cosmological constant Λ), collision of Bullet cluster.
A certain view :
**************************************************
one person(Icarus2) vs ΛCDM physists after 1998year.(about 50~60%? : relation branch) : No
(Einstein, Direc, Hubble,...Icarus2; Inspected field eq. during 70 years.) vs ( New field eq. supported by 50~60% of relation branch physists during 10 years.) : Yes
**************************************************
Therefore please don’t judge by preconception that this hypothesis wrote by someone. Please has an earnest mind to those posts.
Cosmological constant and plus dark matter are not observed as yet.
Accelerating expansion and gravitational effect(centripetal force effect) are only observed.
========
Hypothesis of Dark Matter and Dark Energy with Negative Mass :
http://vixra.org/abs/0907.0015
Last edited:
