Cosmological Model of The Universe

[pywakit]

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Hello everyone. New guy. I think this forum's rules are wound a little less tightly than some, but I will apologize anyway ahead of time ... just in case. And of course if you wish to throw me off the site ....

I need help. I am not all that bright even though I have been contemplating the universe for about 50 years.

A fairly respected cosmologist/astrophysicist offered me 'serious consideration' and probable funding through his institute if I can devise an experiment supporting my model. ( not my first offer ) This in response to the letter I sent him that follows. Many scientists have looked at my model, and none have found ( or bothered to tell me ) a critical flaw.

So if you are terribly bored, feel free to dismantle my model .... or better yet, don't find a flaw and suggest a direction I can take in exploring experiments.

Thanks ...

.................................................. .................................................. ..


I am writing to you because the science community does not make allowances for innovation, or insights from a layperson. ( non-theist version ) It's not my desire to annoy you, or waste your time. But it is my hope that in the spirit of open-mindedness, you might take a few minutes to read the following.

It seems impossible to separate ego ( I have a big one, too ) and beliefs from an objective view of the universe. Having read a great deal about black holes, I am struck not by the consensus of opinion, but the lack of one. It fascinates me that the less someone knows about these structures the more authoritative they sound.

I realize that my theory on black holes flies in the face of mainstream science, and undoubtedly your 'beliefs' too. Perhaps you have already traveled this road and found it desolate. If so, my apologies.

I first proposed this on 1/26/09. It is short, and self-explanatory.
Pinkerton Theoretical Cosmological Model Of The Universe 1/26/09

The Theory:

1. The visible/local universe has a finite amount of mass.

2. Black holes have a finite critical mass limit.

3. That limit is exactly equal to the total mass ( matter + energy ) in the visible/local universe.

The Process:

1. Black holes convert all matter/energy into sub-elemental hydrogen for uniform 'stacking'.

2. Black holes do not appear to be subject to normal laws of space ( rotational speed limits, inertia )

3. Black holes ( to our knowledge ) currently merge at velocities 'tethered' by the rotational force and tidal forces of the satellite galaxy, or even just a single stellar companion.

4. Over eons of time black holes will grow in mass/gravity.

5. Although some escapes temporarily through x-ray/gamma ray bursts ( and possibly through Hawking Radiation ) they continue to grow in mass/gravity.

6. Eventually unencumbered by the rotational/tidal force of orbiting galaxies, black holes could theoretically achieve near infinite velocities. Therefore significantly speeding up the merging process and 'chasing down' gravitational sources at velocities far out-pacing the expansion of space.

7. As the mass/gravity grows so does it's rotational speed, and potential velocity as it seeks other sources of gravitons.

8. The strain on space ( ripple effect ) increases with the growing mass.

9. As our visible/local universe nears the end of it's life cycle, only one black hole remains, containing nearly all the mass in the visible/local universe ( still within upper mass limits predicted by physicists )

10. At this trigger point, all remaining space containing matter/energy collapses into the black hole.

11. When the last sub-atomic particle reaches the point of singularity, critical mass is achieved.

12. The Big Bang.

13. Space 'snaps' back to near-uniformity taking hydrogen/microwave/x-ray/gamma ray radiation with it.

14. Space immediately begins to cool, and star/galaxy formation begins.

The Logic:

1. All things in the physical universe have a critical mass point. Except, so far, black holes.

2. I believe theoretical physics currently allows for such a process, and observations are beginning to bear out this reality.

3. At the time calculations were made regarding upper-mass limits, black holes were mere theoretical oddities, and even Einstein argued against the possibility of their actual existence in physical space.

4. Though we have never seen a black hole reach critical mass, that in no way suggests they don't.

5. The visible/local universe has yet to reach infancy compared to it's expected life span. It is premature to assume on such small evidence that the current expansion will go on forever.

The Evidence/Proof:

1. The laws of physics, quantum mechanics.

2. The observations, predictions and experiments providing adequate proof/accuracy of those laws.

3. The current chemical/radiological composition of the visible universe.

4. The current ( and upwardly mobile ) estimated mass of the visible/local universe now approaching the numbers derived for black hole upper-mass limits.

5. Recent observations of black holes merging or set to merge.

6. The recent acceptance that all galaxies have black holes, or super-massive black holes at their core.

7. The recent observations detecting more galaxies gravitationally bound to ours, and Andromeda.

8. No evidence to support the recent hypothesis that black holes are limited to 50 billion sols.

9. No evidence of black holes showing appreciable loss of mass over time.

10. No evidence that black holes 'shunt' mass anywhere else.

11. No evidence of branes, strings, 5th through 11 dimensions, etc.

12. Closed-loop obeys all laws of thermo-dynamics/entropy.

13. Not affected by hypothetical dark matter/energy.

Predictions:

1. Black holes in excess of 50 billion sols will be discovered through the latest and soon to come optical/radio telescopes.

2. Every new discovery will fit within the parameters of this model.

3. This cycle will repeat endlessly.

In Conclusion:

1. This model answers the question of the observed chemical/radiological composition of the visible/local universe.

2. This model provides for 100% recycling of all matter/energy in the visible/local universe.

3. This model explains where the big bang got it's mass.

4. This model appears to violate no known laws.

5. This model requires no 'new' laws to function.

6. This model is vastly superior to all flawed existing, and previous models.

7. It still leaves the question "How did it begin?" to future theorists.

It is also my theory, however, that per Einstein's Uniformity of Space math ( born out by observations ), the universe is indeed infinite. That black holes are simply 'borrowed' energy from the fabric of space. That dark energy is not a force that 'acts' upon space but rather a 'property' of space. This process/cycle is akin to the sub-atomic particles that 'materialize' and are instantly annihilated by anti-particles ... but on a much larger scale.

And I also suggest that this process is going on throughout infinity, and has been eternally. The distance between black holes ... the local/finite universes ... would be equivalent to the distance between the 'materializing' particles.

If the loop was not closed, then we would get photons from outside our universe leaking ( over eternity ) here into our universe. CMBR would show an extreme red shift, and it does not. And of course if the loop was not closed ... meaning if even a single photon were allowed to escape, the 'next' black hole would be one photon short of critical mass. I don't think space allows this to happen.

Logic tells me that if this theory is incorrect, then the universe did in fact have a beginning. And therefore it can not be either infinite, or eternal. That there really is nothing beyond the bubble of our expanding visible universe. That there was some metaphysical reason ( ie: God ) since it truly would have had to spring into existence from 'nothing' ... because there was no space with it's inherent energy to 'borrow' from.

I think there is sufficient evidence in Einstein's math to safely conclude this is not a possiblity. The 'lines' of space would not have an 'endpoint'.

It is possible that my supposition of black hole inertia-less velocities will not be born out by future observations, however this would not stop the process. Instead, it would merely slow it down. No matter how far space 'expands' the last black hole standing would warp space sufficiently to pull back any remaining mass/energy.

Reasonable logic tells me that if a 'big bang' could simply materialize from 'nothing' ( and sans God ) then that same process could happen at any time, at any location. Such as two seconds from now inside the Moon's orbit. That would appear ( so far, anyway ) not to be the case. There must be a process. A function that allows matter to exist, if only temporarily.

Logically, it took all the energy from our universe to create our universe.

I hope this didn't take too much of your time.

Thank you for your attention.

James Pinkerton

Copyright 2009 James Pinkerton


After Galileo's conviction for heresy ... and his subsequent sentencing ...

As he was being led away, he was credited with uttering these words under his breath .....

"But they move. They move!"

As I am being led away I will quietly utter these words .....

"But they merge. They merge!"

 

[James R]

Hello pywakit,

I'll have a few quick comments and questions. I assume there must be much more detail and mathematics to your theory. Is it available anywhere (particularly the mathematics)?

The Theory:

1. Black holes have a finite critical mass limit.

3. That limit is exactly equal to the total mass ( matter + energy ) in the visible/local universe.

Black holes can't contain more mass than the universe contains, obviously.

1. Black holes convert all matter/energy into sub-elemental hydrogen for uniform 'stacking'.

What's "sub-elemental hydrogen"?

And what's "stacking"?

2. Black holes do not appear to be subject to normal laws of space ( rotational speed limits, inertia )

As formulated by physicists they are certainly subject to normal laws. In fact, they fall straight out of Einstein's theory of General Relativity.

4. Over eons of time black holes will grow in mass/gravity.

By absorbing matter, or some other process?

6. Eventually unencumbered by the rotational/tidal force of orbiting galaxies, black holes could theoretically achieve near infinite velocities.

Faster than the speed of light?

7. As the mass/gravity grows so does it's rotational speed, and potential velocity as it seeks other sources of gravitons.

Why doesn't this contradict conservation of angular momentum?

And how does a black hole "seek" sources of gravitons?

8. The strain on space ( ripple effect ) increases with the growing mass.

What's the "ripple effect"?

The Logic:

1. All things in the physical universe have a critical mass point. Except, so far, black holes.

What's the critical point of my cat?

5. The visible/local universe has yet to reach infancy compared to it's expected life span. It is premature to assume on such small evidence that the current expansion will go on forever.

Isn't this dependent on the net mass/energy density of the universe? Are you saying other factors come into play, too?

The Evidence/Proof:

1. The laws of physics, quantum mechanics.

How do these prove your theory?

3. The current chemical/radiological composition of the visible universe.

Does your theory predict this? Show me the maths, please.

7. The recent observations detecting more galaxies gravitationally bound to ours, and Andromeda.

What has that got to do with black holes?

13. Not affected by hypothetical dark matter/energy.

Is this a claim of your theory, or a claim that black holes are not affected by dark matter/energy based on known physics? If the latter, please link me to a paper or something that supports that contention.

In Conclusion:

1. This model answers the question of the observed chemical/radiological composition of the visible/local universe.

That's an assertion so far, but I'm sure you'll post the maths. I look forward to it.

2. This model provides for 100% recycling of all matter/energy in the visible/local universe.

How?

3. This model explains where the big bang got it's mass.

Where?

It is also my theory, however, that per Einstein's Uniformity of Space math ( born out by observations ), the universe is indeed infinite. That black holes are simply 'borrowed' energy from the fabric of space.

So they aren't formed when stars collapse?

How does this "borrowing" process work?

Logic tells me that if this theory is incorrect, then the universe did in fact have a beginning. And therefore it can not be either infinite, or eternal.

Current accepted physics says the universe began at the big bang, and it is infinite.

Reasonable logic tells me that if a 'big bang' could simply materialize from 'nothing' ( and sans God ) then that same process could happen at any time, at any location. Such as two seconds from now inside the Moon's orbit.

You are aware that the big bang happened everywhere, I hope.

I look forward to your further elaboration of your theory.

 

[pywakit]

Most of your questions are reasonable. If you don't mind though ... please re-read the model. Then you might want to edit a few of the questions.

I assume you are a physicist, or mathematician. It should not be necessary to provide you with math you are already quite familiar with. There is nothing 'new' mathematically here. The model is straightforward GR, and does not stray. If you think it over, as many before you have ... you will find that none of the current measurements conflict with the model.

This is a modified BB model. If the measurements in question do not conflict with the standard model, they will not conflict with mine.

I like cats, too.

 

[James R]

Most of your questions are reasonable. If you don't mind though ... please re-read the model. Then you might want to edit a few of the questions.

You've posted no details of the model - just a bunch of claims. I have asked you specific questions. If you don't want to answer them, then I'll be on my way.

This is a modified BB model. If the measurements in question do not conflict with the standard model, they will not conflict with mine.

So why is your model an advance on the standard model?

 

[pywakit]

I did not say I would not answer them. If you wish to be 'on your way' I can not stop you.

Lol. Ok.

James R writes:

I'll have a few quick comments and questions. I assume there must be much more detail and mathematics to your theory. Is it available anywhere (particularly the mathematics)?

You are used to looking for a very complex solution. This is a very SIMPLE solution. It uses GR. Newton. You know the math far better than me. The model does not conflict with GR. I base this assertion on several thousand scientists, and science-minded people ( such as Dr. Neil DeGrasse Tyson, and Dr. Michael Ibison ) who examined my model before you. Dr. Ibison offered funding if I can devise experiments.

I must assume GR math is readily available.

What's "sub-elemental hydrogen"?

And what's "stacking"?

I use the term for lack of a better one. Since we can't see inside a BH, we can't say for sure what form the matter/energy has taken. Upon release, however, the process clearly creates hydrogen and helium in copious amounts.

Stacking just means the BH is uniformly compact.

As formulated by physicists they are certainly subject to normal laws. In fact, they fall straight out of Einstein's theory of General Relativity.

Forgive my impertinence, but you have no way to know that as GR breaks down at the singularity. If it did not, we could accurately describe the inner workings of the BH. And by extension, the properties of space under total collapse.

Whether the BH does or does not 'follow' normal laws of space does not in any way hinder my model's function.

By absorbing matter, or some other process?

Will this work?

This latest from Universe Today 1/4/10

Astronomers have discovered 33 pairs of merging black holes in cosmic dances around each other, a finding that was predicted or 'choreographed' by Isaac Newton. "These results are significant because we now know that these 'waltzing' black holes are much more common than previously known," said Dr. Julia Comerford of the University of California, Berkeley, at the American Astronomical Society meeting in Washington, DC. "Galaxy mergers are causing the waltzing, can use this finding to determine how often mergers occur. The black holes dancing towards us are shifted towards blue light, and those moving away from us are shifted toward the red. So it is like a cosmic disco ball showing us where the black holes are dancing."

You will find a more comprehensive article about this at sciencenews.org

Faster than the speed of light?

If not tethered to a gravitional source ( orbiting galaxy, stellar companion etc ), and space is 'broken' at the singularity, yes. We not not know for certain a BH would have to follow the laws of normal space. But it is irrelevant, anyway. It just means the process takes longer if they ARE limited to < C.

Why doesn't this contradict conservation of angular momentum?

And how does a black hole "seek" sources of gravitons?

From Space.com 2/20/07

While scientists have yet to observe a black hole directly, they have spotted X-ray radiation created by friction near the event horizon, the perimeter around a black hole beyond which nothing, not even light, can escape.

“This is an amazing achievement,” Reynolds said. “Through these observations, we already have strong evidence for the significant slowing of time close to a black hole as well as the ‘tornado-like’ motion of space-time induced by black hole spin.”

But there is still plenty of room for improvement. “There are lots of things [about black holes] that we’d like to measure or measure better to confirm what we think,” Kochanek said. “That is the biggest frustration.”

For example, scientists are only beginning to accurately measure the speed at which a black hole rotates, a property called spin. This value is crucially important for understanding black holes. Scientists can completely characterize the motions of a black hole if its mass and spin are known.

“We know of no other object that is as simple as a black hole except for an elementary particle such as an electron,” said Jeffrey McClintock of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA).

Scientists have been measuring black hole masses for more than 30 years, but clocking the spin of one has proven much more difficult. But last fall, a team led by McClintock and his colleague Ramesh Narayan announced they had reliably measured the speed of one black hole located 35,000 light years away. They calculated the spin to be an astounding 950 spins per second—just below the theoretical rotation limit of 1,150 spins per second.

Einstein argued that collapsing rotating stars would speed up as they collapsed. He said black holes could not form because their extreme spin would cause them to fly apart. Clearly he was wrong. And by the way, the 'theoretical' limit above is not cast in stone.

Scientists have assumed a non-feeding BH is also non-rotating. The Scharwzschild BH, I believe. It would appear that we are finding black holes with spin all over, and have found none that can be verified to be non-rotational.

You incorrectly assume black holes are 'fixed' in space.

What's the "ripple effect"?

Space is bent/curved by mass/gravity. The lines of space are straight unless disturbed by mass/gravity. Gravity waves from the spinning BH would cause this 'ripple' effect.

What's the critical point of my cat?

I don't know. If you spin it fast enough it will fly apart, I assume. Of course you realise that I am referring to the different stages of stars. Nova. Supernova. A BH is nothing more than an extremely dense star

.

Isn't this dependent on the net mass/energy density of the universe? Are you saying other factors come into play, too?

No, and yes. Black holes are mobile. Capable of 'chasing' matter/energy.

How do these prove your theory?

I think you are not grasping that the model follows accepted physics.

Does your theory predict this? Show me the maths, please.

It conforms to it. The standard model ( BB ) predicts these things for me. What I have done is provide a mechanism within the existing laws of physics, and GR.

What has that got to do with black holes?

That merging black holes are not anomalous events.

 

[pywakit]

In continuation:

James R writes:

Is this a claim of your theory, or a claim that black holes are not affected by dark matter/energy based on known physics? If the latter, please link me to a paper or something that supports that contention.

No. You are not understanding. It does not matter whether or not DE, or DM exist. Whatever remains within the visible/local universe will be consumed by the last BH.

How?

Again, you are not getting it. It recycles every last atom. Because that is what it takes to reach CMP. We know from GR that space collapses in a BH. That means any and all energy contained within the collapsed space will fall onto the BH. And I said ONTO. Not into.

Where?

It got it's mass from the previous universe. As I have stated, logically, it takes ALL the energy from the universe to MAKE the universe.

So they aren't formed when stars collapse?

How does this "borrowing" process work?

Please note that the standard model does not attempt to explain anything beyond our visible/local universe. Nor does my model, essentially. My addendum takes the model a step further, but does not require that step to be valid.

Yes, of course they are formed by collapsing stars, and perhaps other processes too.

It is also my theory that DE is actually the energy contained within space itself. Quantum fluctuations gradually build up a 'static charge'. This could have provided for the initial formation of matter, although this processs happened long. long ago.

Current accepted physics says the universe began at the big bang, and it is infinite.

Correct me if I am wrong. Infinite with 'boundries'.

You are aware that the big bang happened everywhere, I hope.

I look forward to your further elaboration of your theory.

That is not an accurate statement. 'Everywhere' covers a lot of ground. As soon as there is a complete consensus on that assertion, you will let me know?

And thank you for taking the time to read, and critique my model. I also look forward to answering any more questions you may have.

 

[pywakit]

I should point out that when I came out with my model early last year, merging black holes were yet to be verified. My model inherently predicts black holes merging. I think that was an accurate prediction.

I sent the model to over 1,000 scientists around the world in late January-early February. Of course, many are ST/SST/M-theorists. They were not very happy with me, for the most part. But although they made an effort to falsify the model ( and it clearly CAN be falsified ) they were unable to do so. Some were gracious enough to tell me the model was not unreasonable. But they did say I needed to come up with experiments.

This model has sat on the main forum page of ScienceForums.net for the last 3 weeks. Not one person ( physicists, mathematicians, etc ) has been able to falsify it. Not that they did not try. If they HAD done so, it woild have been removed IMMEDIATELY to 'speculations/pseudoscience'. It has been viewed over 1,200 times in that 3 weeks.

I feel relatively confident it is a good model, and superior to the standard model ... and FAR superior to any models requiring multiple dimensions, metaphysics, time-reversal, or any form of magic.

 

[James R]

pywakit:

Ok. Correct me if I'm wrong. In essence you're claiming that black holes run around and eventually consume all the matter in the universe. Then, when the last bit of matter is gone, that matter is "recycled" in new big bang. Is that right?

What evidence do you have for your model, specifically?

And note that merging black holes doesn't do the trick, since they are expected in the normal course of events.

 

[pywakit]

pywakit:

Ok. Correct me if I'm wrong. In essence you're claiming that black holes run around and eventually consume all the matter in the universe. Then, when the last bit of matter is gone, that matter is "recycled" in new big bang. Is that right?

What evidence do you have for your model, specifically?

And note that merging black holes doesn't do the trick, since they are expected in the normal course of events.

Let's take your last statement first. I always want to be courteous, but statements like this are not well-thought out. My understanding is that Newton suggested such events would occur. I don't think he used the term 'black hole' though. Lol. Einstein said such events were NOT possible as black holes 'could not exist'. It was almost a decade after his death before that attitude started to change.

It only became 'expected in the normal course of events' in the last few years, and then only for 'local' galaxies. The scientific community just wasn't grasping that black holes could freely move around. It is just now beginning to sink in.

It was just a few years ago that Hawking conceded his bet. I'm sure you know what I'm talking about. When he first hypothesized 'leaking' black holes in the 70's, we had yet to actually discover one, leaking or not. Hawking was on board with the one-way universe, and we needed to figure out a way to get rid of those nasty 'theorized' black holes.

Obviously, for a number of reasons, black holes were not losing any mass by shunting it to another dimension. And even if black holes were found to leak, 'evaporating' a black hole of 50M sols would take 1 followed by 140 zeros years to go away. Several quadrillions of times the expected life-span of our visible universe. ( This info directly from Dr. Neil DeGrasse Tyson ... who in fact supports Hawking in this.. ) And this assumes they don't eat anything else. Ever. Instead, we continue to discover more and more massive black holes.

I might also add that Hawking was/is unable to come up with an 'endpoint' to his evaporating black holes. Vanish? Or remnant?

The following are self-explanatory:

ScienceDaily (Sep. 10, 2008)

There appears to be an upper limit to how big the Universe's most massive black holes can get, according to new research led by a Yale University astrophysicist and published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.

Once considered rare and exotic objects, black holes are now known to exist throughout the Universe, with the largest and most massive found at the centres of the largest galaxies. These "ultra-massive" black holes have been shown to have masses upwards of one billion times that of our own Sun. Now, Priyamvada Natarajan, an associate professor of astronomy and physics at Yale University and a fellow at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, has shown that even the biggest of these gravitational monsters can't keep growing forever. Instead, they appear to curb their own growth - once they accumulate about 10 billion times the mass of the Sun.

Space.com 1/9/08

AUSTIN, Texas — The most massive black hole in the universe tips the cosmic scales at 18 billion times more massive than the sun, astronomers suggest today at a meeting of the American Astronomical Society.

Even though researchers suggested black holes up to this mass might exist in quasars, this is the first direct confirmation of such a behemoth.

The hefty gravity well is six times more massive than the previous record and is orbited by a smaller black hole, which allowed the measurement of the giant's mass.

Black holes can't be seen, but astronomers detect them by noting how other objects are affected by the tremendous gravity created in tremendously small sphere of space.

The binary black hole system powers a quasar known as OJ287, which is located 3.5 billion light-years from us in the constellation Cancer. The quasar — an overwhelming beacon of light associated with a developing galaxy — has been studied in ....

NewScientist

September 3, 2008 by David Shiga

Just how big can a black hole grow? Two astronomers reckon they have worked out the answer: colossal black holes with a mass of up to 50 billion suns could be lurking out there - but that's the limit.

Giant black holes sit at the cores of virtually all galaxies, and are thought to have grown from smaller seed black holes that swallowed lots of matter. The biggest well-measured one resides in the galaxy Messier 87 and has the mass of 3 billion suns, a measurement based on the speed of the gas swirling around it.

Even bigger black holes are waiting to be found, say Priya Natarajan of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Ezequiel Treister of the European Southern Observatory in Santiago, Chile.

In a study to appear in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, the pair examined the "feeding habits" and growth of black holes. They used data from surveys carried out by other teams that observed the X-rays and visible light emitted by matter as it is devoured by black holes. The properties of this radiation can be used to estimate a black hole's mass and how quickly it is gobbling up its surroundings.

The team analysed how many galactic black holes of various masses were present at each stage in the universe's history. The distribution of masses they found today and in the past can only be explained if there is a limit on how fast black holes can grow, the researchers say.

Previous studies have also suggested this, and it may be due to the way radiation from infalling matter blasts the black hole's neighbourhood free of additional sustenance. "They self-regulate," says Natarajan. "They never grow beyond a certain mass in any epoch."

Knowing this growth rate allowed them to work out the modern-day size of the biggest known black holes that existed in the early universe. Back then, they are estimated to have had the mass of about a billion suns. According to Natarajan and Treister, a few black holes of this size may have bloated to "ultramassive" size by now, with between 5 and 50 billion times the sun's mass, at the most. Even a black hole at the lower end of this range would be gargantuan - more than 3 times as wide as our solar system.

One ultramassive black hole may already have been spotted 3.5 billion light years away in the galaxy OJ 287, which is thought to harbour a pair of giant black holes circling each other at its centre. The larger of the two has been estimated to be 18 billion solar masses, based on the properties of radiation outbursts from the system, but astronomers disagree on how accurate this is.

From Stardate blackholes.stardate.org

Supermassive black holes:

These are the black hole behemoths, weighing in at a few million to a few billion times the mass of the Sun. These black holes inhabit the cores of galaxies.


Name: Mass (Suns): Distance (light-years):
M105 60 million to 200 million 38 million
M31 30 million 2.4 million
M32 3 million 2.4 million
M51 1 million 27 million
M60 1.6 billion to 3.4 billion 51 million
M77 15 million 50 million to 60 million
M81 7 million 12 million
M84 Roughly 1.5 billion 50 million
M87 3 billion to 7 billion 50 million
Milky Way Sagittarius A* 2.6 million to 4 million 27,000
NGC 1023 40 million to 60 million 33 million
NGC 2778 9 million to 36 million 76 million
NGC 2787 36 million to 45 million 24 million
NGC 3115 400 million to 2 billion 32 million
NGC 3377 30 million to 120 million 33 million
NGC 3516 23 million 120 million
NGC 3783 8 million to 10 million 130 million
NGC 4061 1 billion to 9 billion 325 million
NGC 4261 500 million to 1.2 billion 100 million
NGC 4473 Roughly 100 million 50 million
NGC 4697 Roughly 175 million 40 million
NGC 541 Unknown 216 million
NGC 7457 2.1 million to 4.6 million 43 million
NGC 821 50 million to 100 million 100 million
RX J1242-11 100 million 700 million

It is interesting to note that although the math/physics does not limit a black hole's mass, researchers continue to attempt to place arbitrary limits on it's size. So what is it? 10B sols? 18B? 50B?

I am certain we will discover ( very soon ) black holes much more massive than those listed above. And much more massive than the arbitrary limits set by these researchers.

**By the way, can't wait to see what measurements they come up with for the combined masses of all those merging pairs ... **


Newton said that gravitational bodies will attract. You just don't have your time ( or space ) scale hat on. Black holes will move toward the strongest gravitational field ... the more massive they get, the more gravity they get. They will continue to move toward ever weaker sources. There is no 'anchor' attached to a black hole. And they can take all the time they need to do their work.

So my DIRECT evidence is the fact that we are discovering ever larger black holes merging. My indirect evidence is the BB itself. ( I might add I am not speaking of an actual 'explosion'. I am assuming it 'flies apart' due to angular momentum.)

Additionally, although we have assumed this too, black holes are not required to physically occupy zero dimensions. That is the 'theoretical' math. It breaks down at infinite answers. And it breaks down at the 'singularity'. We have no evidence that black holes do not have 'volume'. We could stare directly at one that has an actual diameter ( not the Schwarzschild radius ) of a million kilometers, and we would not see it.

As I have already stated, I have not been made aware that my model violates any known, accepted laws of physics. This is more indirect evidence.

And lastly, I do not claim 100% certainty. I could be very wrong. But it appears so far that my model is a substantial improvement over the current 'working model'. It provides a valid and reasoned mechanism for 'reversing' the expansion of space. ( Which, by the way, we do not know is actually expanding. All we know for certain is that distant galaxies are receding from us at velocities proportional to time/distance, and have little relative motion compared to CMBR.) The 'expansion of space' is one possible mechanism for this.

I hope I have not offended you. And please forgive my lack of eloquence.

Just in case you missed this from the "33 merging pairs".

"These results are significant because we now know that these 'waltzing' black holes are much more common than previously known," said Dr. Julia Comerford of the University of California, Berkeley."

So as of 8 days ago 'we' ( the astrophysical community ) would not have expected merging black holes to be this common. Hmmm.

Anyway, I have predicted we will soon discover black holes in excess of 50B sols. I think you will agree they are NOT 'expected in the normal course of events' either. Seems like only yesterday when astrophysicists were quite certain a black hole maxxed out at around 50 MILLION sols.

 

[pywakit]

More BH updates ...

From Discover online:

Are Black Holes the Architects of the Universe?

Long known for their obliterating power, black holes may also have been a creative force: New evidence suggests that they gave order to the chaotic mess produced by the Big Bang.

by Andrew Grant

From the December 2009 issue; published online January 4, 2010

An excerpt:

Black holes are finally winning some respect. After long regarding them as agents of destruction or dismissing them as mere by-products of galaxies and stars, scientists are recalibrating their thinking. Now it seems that black holes debuted in a constructive role and appeared unexpectedly soon after the Big Bang. “Several years ago, nobody imagined that there were such monsters in the early universe,” says Penn State astrophysicist Yuexing Li. “Now we see that black holes were essential in creating the universe’s modern structure.”

Black holes, tortured regions of space where the pull of gravity is so intense that not even light can escape, did not always have such a high profile. They were once thought to be very rare; in fact, Albert Einstein did not believe they existed at all. Over the past several decades, though, astronomers have realized that black holes are not so unusual after all: Supermassive ones, millions or billions of times as hefty as the sun, seem to reside at the center of most, if not all, galaxies. Still, many people were shocked in 2003 when a detailed sky survey found that giant black holes were already common nearly 13 billion years ago, when the universe was less than a billion years old. Since then, researchers have been trying to figure out where these primordial holes came from and how they influenced the cosmic events that followed.

As expected, this new information fits nicely within the parameters of my model ... and only increases the likelihood of discovering black holes in excess of 50B sols, as my model predicts.

 

[pywakit]

Some info on black hole spin ...

Cambridge MA (SPX) Nov 17, 2006

The existence of black holes is perhaps the most fascinating prediction of Einstein's Theory of General Relativity. When any mass, such as a star, becomes more compact than a certain limit, its own gravity becomes so strong that the object collapses to a singular point, a black hole. In the popular mind, this immense gravity well is a place where strange things happen.
And now, a Center for Astrophysics-led team has measured a black hole spinning so rapidly - turning more than 950 times per second - that it pushes the predicted speed limit for rotation.

"I would say that this regime of gravity is as far from direct experience and knowing as the subatomic world itself," says CfA astronomer Jeffrey McClintock.

Applying a technique to measure spin developed jointly by McClintock and CfA astrophysicist Ramesh Narayan, the team used NASA's Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer satellite data to provide the most direct determination yet of black hole spin.

McClintock and Narayan led an international group consisting of Rebecca Shafee, Harvard University Physics Department; Ronald Remillard, Kavli Center for Astrophysics and Space Research, MIT; Shane Davis, University of California, Santa Barbara, and Li-Xin Li, Max-Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Germany, in this research. The results are published in today's issue of the Astrophysical Journal.

"We now have accurate values for the spin rates of three black holes," says McClintock. "The most exciting is our result for the microquasar GRS1915+105, which has a spin that is between 82% and 100% of the theoretical maximum value."

"The black hole spin frequency we measured is the rate at which space-time is spinning, or is being dragged, right at the black hole's event horizon," says Narayan.

The high-speed black hole, GRS 1915, is the most massive of the 20 X-ray binary black holes for which masses are presently known, weighing about 14 times as much as the Sun. It is well known for unique properties such as ejecting jets of matter at nearly the speed of light and rapid variations in its X-ray emission.

Note that the spin is measured at the event horizon. Not at the near-zero ( presumed ) surface of the singularity itself. If the event horizon is spinning at 950 times a second, do you think the singularity is spinning slower?

 

[pywakit]

I have had many arguments ( polite, of course ) about the characteristics and behaviors of black holes. Black hole 'evaporation' is confidently spoken of as a near 'given' and fully in line with the 'ever-expanding' universe.

Here is another characteristic that was spoken of as a 'given' for decades ...

From The Age.com.au

After 29 years of thinking about it, Stephen Hawking has decided to admit he was wrong about the digestive habits of black holes.

The renowned Cambridge University scientist presented a paper today arguing that black holes, the celestial vortexes formed by collapsing stars, can eventually reveal details about the objects they swallow up.

Hawking, a leading expert on universal dynamics, had previously insisted black holes destroy all molecular fingerprints of their contents and emit only a generic form of radiation.

But today at the 17th International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation, Hawking presented a series of mind-boggling new calculations that suggest black holes are able to cast out their contents "in a mangled form" - and that there's only one way in and one way out.

Hawking, 62, said he no longer believed a 1980s theory that black holes might offer passage into another universe, a rival explanation for identifying where matter and energy go when consumed by a black hole.

.................................................. .......................................

Hawking is not infallible.

 

[D H]

As expected, this new information fits nicely within the parameters of my model ... and only increases the likelihood of discovering black holes in excess of 50B sols, as my model predicts.

You have no model. All you have is a bunch of hand-waving.

Mod hat:

Thread moved to pseudoscience.

 

[pywakit]

You have no model. All you have is a bunch of hand-waving.

Mod hat:

Thread moved to pseudoscience.

I must publicly protest this action by DH. Respected scientists such as Dr. Neil DeGrasse Tyson, and Dr. Michael Ibison consider it a 'model'. It strictly follows known physics, and known observations.

Although I have not devised 'experiments' as of yet, Hawking Radiation was UN-experimental for 3 decades.

My model makes predictions. Such as the commonality of black holes merging. This prediction has already proven to be accurate.

It would seem that James R did not see fit to continue a debate after I reasonably, and logically ... and with independant evidence ... dismantled his arguments against my model.

It would appear that string theorists carry a lot of weight here ... even though strings are still a 'myth'. Perhaps I am assuming too much, but I think I simply caused James R embarrassment, and this removal of my model is nothing more than childish retribution.

I will not be surprised if this post is removed, too. But who knows? Maybe ethics will win out and the model will be rightfully returned to main science where it belongs.

 

[pywakit]

I would also like to add ...

When Hawking first proposed his 'hypothetical' leaking black holes in the mid 70's, he relied on known physics. Period.

My model relies on known physics AND observations.

Would DH have kicked Hawking to 'pseudo', too?

 

[James R]

It would seem that James R did not see fit to continue a debate after I reasonably, and logically ... and with independant evidence ... dismantled his arguments against my model.

You don't have a model, as far as I can tell.

 

[pywakit]

You don't have a model, as far as I can tell.

Then I would respectfully request ( edit ) you re-consider. Other scientists have said it is a very plausible model. Good. Very promising. And they have acknowledged the reality that the model uses accepted math and physics, so there is no need for a ( new ) mathematical expression.

Look James, I understand your reaction. But you really are not giving this the full attention of your undoubtably brilliant mind.

It's a 'new' idea. It flies in the face of current expansion theories, and I think you may just need more time ...

I am not here to 'wave a flag'. I am here proposing a serious, and well thought-out model. As I wait for further debate, it does not seem inappropriate to post 3rd party evidence from respected sources to lend support to my model.

I apologize for offending you. It was not unexpected, though.

Regards, py

 

[pywakit]

Further rational argument for re-instatement:

All theories begin as a hypothesis. The first thing we do is test that hypothesis against accepted math, and physics. If it passes those tests, we then see how this hypothesis compares to observational reality.

If the hypothesis passes all these requirements, it becomes a 'working' theory.

My model is a THEORETICAL model, because it passes all the above mentioned tests. It is not necessary to witness a black hole suddenly releasing it's energy, to reasonably conclude that they can, and do based on many other pieces of observational data.

James, both you and DH are fully aware that some things can't be 'experimentally' tested. We accept the working theory that super-novae occur, based on known physics, and our observations. But I don't think we are quite capable of creating one experimentally just yet. Still waiting on results from the collider, of course, but it is clear that any conclusions about the macro universe will be extrapolations from the planck universe.

)

 

[quantum_wave]

Alright pywakit, I’ll address your theory with a much too long set of questions. I have my own personal view of cosmology and I don’t call it theory or a model, just a set of ideas, some necessary new physics, and speculation upon speculation as D H puts it.

1) What makes your cosmology a theory, and what exactly do you mean by “model”? Some people disagree with me about what cosmology means. A complete cosmology simply describes an alternative view of what the universe is like. Science does not have a complete view of cosmology and so anyone’s complete view is an alternative to the standard Cosmology of Big Bang Theory with Inflation (BBT). BBT in my simple view is General Relativity, Inflationary Theory and the cosmological principle. Anyone’s view that they call a complete picture cannot be proved, quantified or compatible with all aspects of current theory, but as you clearly acknowledge, one aspect that all compete cosmologies must share is consistency with known science. Obviously that means that reliance on the “tentativeness” of science cannot be used as an argument for your theory or model.

2) Science says that there is no known physics that will make an accumulation of all of the matter and energy in the universe become a new Big Bang while you require it. If there was any such physics the standard cosmology would include it and wouldn’t have to start at t=10^-30, we could go right to t=0 and describe the circumstances at that point in time. I don’t see where you address the new physics to make that happen and in fact you say that it doesn’t require new physics. You will need to explain what makes the crunch become a Big Bang when the entirety of the universe gets back into it besides naming it critical mass limit. I would accept that there is a maximum energy density that is short of infinite, i.e. there cannot be a point with zero volume that contains the total mass of the universe but even professionals that I have asked don’t firmly adhere to the infinite density implied by GR. But there has to be a cause for even a finite maximum density to Bang.

3) You set the critical mass limit of such an event to be equal to the last photon and particle in the universe, meaning that all of the EM has to be recalled to the accumulating mass before the next big bang. This makes your theory a cyclical model and one that is so fine tuned that it depends on space snapping back at the opportune time. I appreciate your effort to conserve energy but as I point out below, you have not explained how that last drop of existing energy gets recalled. What do you find in known physics that says space can snap back? Isn’t that too new physics?

4) You don’t address the current consensus that the expansion is accelerating. Do you disagree that the separation between galaxies and galaxy groups is increasing at an accelerating rate?

5) Do you consider the relative motion of the galaxies and galaxy groups to be momentum or is it new space being added? If it is new space does that space come from nowhere and just appear when needed to accommodate or make room for the emission of EM, and if so how does the new space get distributed proportionately across the expanding universe and among the galaxies and galaxy groups.

6) If the galaxy groups have momentum that is displayed by the observations of expansion and accelerating expansion, then wouldn’t the resulting central black holes have separation momentum even after they have gobbled up all of the mass and EM that constitute their visible stars? Since we observe accelerating expansion what force would be able to overcome the acceleration and halt the momentum so that gravity could call all the black holes back “home”? Isn’t the inverse square rule working against you?

Answer these questions to my satisfaction and I will go on.

 

[AlphaNumeric]

I should point out that when I came out with my model early last year, merging black holes were yet to be verified. My model inherently predicts black holes merging. I think that was an accurate prediction.

Merging black holes have been part of GR for as long as black holes have been known about. The problem was that simulating such a collision is extremely computer intensive due to the highly non-linear nature of the Einstein Field Equations. It was only recently that new numerical methods were developed which allowed for detailed simulations of black hole collisions and the resulting space-time distortions.

Saying "Black holes will merge" is not an insightful prediction. Any two gravitationally interacting objects will be drawn towards one another. If you have a viable model of gravity then you should be able to accurately model the trajectories the black holes move along as they spiral into one another. You can't.

I sent the model to over 1,000 scientists around the world in late January-early February

If your work weren't nonsense you'd need to send it only to a journal and they'd review it and then publish it. Your spamming of physicists inboxes does not put your work in a good light.

They were not very happy with me, for the most part.

I delete all unsolicited email I get from people trying to push their work via email rather than a journal.

But although they made an effort to falsify the model ( and it clearly CAN be falsified ) they were unable to do so

You have no model. A model should model something. You can't provide any working model of any phenomenon.

This model has sat on the main forum page of ScienceForums.net for the last 3 weeks. Not one person ( physicists, mathematicians, etc ) has been able to falsify it.

It makes no quantified testable predictions, how can it be falsified if you aren't making any predictions.

It has been viewed over 1,200 times in that 3 weeks.

So? The Bible is read millions (or billions) of times a day, doesn't make it right.

I feel relatively confident it is a good model, and superior to the standard model

Then you can derive the following things :

1. The precession of Mercury's orbit about the Sun.
2. The time differences experienced by GPS navigation systems due to the motion and position of the satellite.

Both are little more than homework questions for anyone studying general relativity.

nd FAR superior to any models requiring multiple dimensions, metaphysics, time-reversal, or any form of magic.

String theory reproduces the results of general relativity with only the assumptions of special relativity. It is therefore superior to your work.