I think many of my posts on this forum have demonstrated that I am pro-science. I mention this because I have serious concerns about the cavalier manner in which questions concerning GM are raised. (I'm also concerned as to why the OP wants to cherry pick anti-GM views and apparently ignore the voices for.)
I agree. Was especially annoyed by the misrepresentation in the OP's link's Ref 2 data. It seemed false to me so I opened Ref 2. Here are some quotes from it, with my bold added:
"Animal feeding studies have demonstrated that a minor amount of fragmented dietary DNA may resist the digestive process (for a recent review see [4]) and there are
sporadic reports in the literature claiming that orally administered small fragments of bacterial DNA [5] or plant RNA [6] can transgress the intestinal barrier,"
I.e. get into the blood as circulating fragments of DNA, cfDNA; however, almost all, very high percentage like 99.99% come from the cells of the individual that have die or been destroyed by some pathogen or the body's own necrotic mechanisms / apoptotic cells that help kill cancer cell, (or mal-function cells of the individual):
"we are only at the first steps to uncover the cellular and molecular mechanisms that transfers cfDNA
from cells to blood. Initially pathogen origin has been attributed to cfDNA, later different pathological conditions like cancer, inflammation and autoimmune disease, while finally it has been shown to be present in the plasma of subjects with normal physiological conditions [19], [20], too. Our current understanding is that
apoptotic cells – which are present in healthy individuals, too – are the primary source. Additionally, in different diseases (inflammation, autoimmune, trauma and cancer) necrotic cells may increase the cfDNA level "
"There is evidence that beyond the human cells of the subject other organisms can contribute to the cfDNA budget.
Other humans:
Predominant donor origin was proved in patients receiving sex-mismatched bone marrow transplants using quantization of Y-chromosome sequences of plasma and serum cfDNA [28]. Cell free DNA of the fetus can be detected in maternal plasma promising non-invasive prenatal testing of fetal genetic conditions ...
Viruses:
Virus DNA has been identified using plasma samples from different virus related (lung, gastric, head and neck cancer) tumor patients ...
Bacteria:
Bacterial DNA level in the human plasma correlates with immune activation and the magnitude of immune restoration in antiretroviral-treated HIV infected persons. ...
Billy T notes: It is the job of the immune system to rip apart harmful foreign cells, so of course their DNA fragments will be part of the cfDNA.
Finally a they speak of food, first noting it is unlikely to be even tiny part of cfDNA*:
DNA from consumed food is usually
not considered as a possible source of cfDNA since during food digestion all macromolecules are thought to be degraded to elementary constituents such as amino acids and nucleotides, which are then transferred to the circulatory system through several complex active processes [3]. Though, there are animal studies, mainly
focusing on the GMO issue [4], supporting the idea that small fragments of nucleic acids may pass to the bloodstream and even get into various tissues. For example foreign DNA fragments
were detected by PCR based techniques in the digestive tract and leukocytes of rainbow trout fed by genetically modified soybean...
Billy T asks: And just how impartial do you think the researchers were who "focused on GMO foods"? Would they not keep searching until they found some at least detectable amount to support a hostile to GMO food bias, would they? For example were the trout deprived of all their normal food and force feed only soy beans? I would expect to find them well above detection levels in the gut, and if some tiny fragments of DNA were absorbed it is the job of the white blood cells to go and "eat" foreign intruders; so yes, they could be found there, even if concentration too low to separately identify any foreign fragments in the blood - with its relatively huge cfDNA from the individual's own cells.
* Normally, and especially if sick or with tumor/ cancer there is a lot of cfDNA in the blood, the body very quickly (>50% in 30 minutes!) eliminates it:
"The cfDNA concentration in healthy people is between 0 and 100 ng/ml with a mean of 133 ng/ml. This level is increased by an order of magnitude in various types of cancer up to a mean of 18038 ng/ml [12]. How the circulating cfDNA is then eliminated from the blood remains unknown in general but altered nucleotide metabolism was observed in tumorous patients. ... Studying the clearance of fetal DNA from maternal blood after birth by Lo et al. [16] a
relatively quick mean half-life time (16.3 min, range 4–30 min) of the cfDNA was observed...
SUMMARY: The ONLY harm done by GMO foods that has been demonstrated is done by the herbicides that have been used in excess, not the food.
This all reminds me of a few decades ago, when microwave ovens were introduced: Many KNEW microwaved food was a great risk to human health. - They just knew that must be true as it was not naturally cooked food.